Correction to: Metabolic syndrome; Definition, Pathogenesis, Elements, and the Effects of medicinal plants on it's elements.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00965-2.].

Metabolic syndrome; Definition, Pathogenesis, Elements, and the Effects of medicinal plants on it's elements.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors that include central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia and is strongly associated with a greater risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using the words metabolic syndrome, definition and pathogenesis in Scopus, and PubMed. The search also extended to cover medicinal plants and their role as a potential treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

Diagnosis of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in a Sudanese Woman.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a relatively rare specific chronic inflammatory process of unknown etiology, that diagnostically overlaps with common breast pathologies in Sudan, namely breast cancer (BC) and tuberculous mastitis (TBM). We report the case of a 34-year-old female who presented with a 1-month history of a painful lump in the lower outer quadrant of her left breast. A tru-cut biopsy showed features of granulomatous inflammation suggestive of IGM.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice Among Primary Care Physicians in Sudan Regarding Prediabetes: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Prediabetes is an important stage before diabetes that can be treated with intensive lifestyle changes. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice of primary care physician in Sudan about prediabetes.

Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among primary care physicians working at two family and primary health care centers in Khartoum.

The prevalence and risk factors for systemic hypertension among Sudanese patients with diabetes mellitus: A survey in diabetes healthcare facility.

Background And Aims: Diabetes and hypertension are common chronic diseases that affect about one fifth of Sudanese adults. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension among Sudanese individuals with diabetes.

Materials And Methods: This a survey in diabetes healthcare facility-based study that recruited 266 individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Assessment of lifestyle modifications among Sudanese individuals with diabetes: The situation so far and the need to do more.

Background: Inadequate lifestyle practices among individuals with diabetes may influence the progression of diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to assess the lifestyle practices among individuals with diabetes in Sudan.

Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, health facility-based study conducted in 3 diabetes centers treating individuals with diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors in Sudanese individuals with gallstones: a cross sectional survey.

Background: The gallstones are common health problem across the world with huge financial burden on health authorities. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with risk of gallstones disease (GSD). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes and associated risk factors in Sudanese patients with gallstones.

The prevalence and risk factors of stroke among Sudanese individuals with diabetes: Cross-sectional survey.

Introduction: Diabetes complications in Sudan were increasing at an alarming rate. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of stroke among Sudanese individuals with diabetes.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study recruited 283 individuals with diabetes from three diabetes centers in Sudan.

An outbreak of measles in gold miners in River Nile State, Sudan, 2011.

Background: Despite the wide use of vaccination, measles outbreaks still occur.

Aims: This study assessed cases notified during a measles outbreak in northern Sudan in 2011 and the response of the health authorities to contain the outbreak.

Methods: The records of all measles cases reported to the River Nile State health ministry in 2011 from the Abu Hamad locality, a gold-mining area, were reviewed together with the actions of the health authorities at the time of the outbreak.

Knowledge and practice of diabetic foot care in Sudan: A cross sectional survey.

Background: Diabetes in Sudan is real health challenge for health authorities especially optimum glycemic control and complications in particular diabetic septic foot. This is study aimed to assess knowledge of individuals with diabetes about self-foot care.

Methods: This is descriptive cross sectional, health facility-based study conducted in diabetes center in Khartoum, Sudan.

An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis among a displaced population in North Sudan: Review of cases.

Background: Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease in many parts of Sudan.

Objective: To document an outbreak of CL among internally displaced people (IDP) in north Sudan.

Methods: A household survey was conducted in the rural region of New Manasir, at El Damer Locality in north Sudan during the year 2013.

Ethnicity and diabetes complications in Sudanese population: The need for further genetic population testing.

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess whether there is an association between ethnicity and the high prevalence of diabetes complications in Sudan.

Methods: This was cross-sectional hospital-based study with 316 individuals with diabetes conducted in Khartoum state, Sudan. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information.

Hypertension in Sudanese individuals and associated risk factors: the critical intersection between salt and sugar intake.

Background: Hypertension is common problem across the globe. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and impact of salt and sugar intake in Sudanese population.

Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study, included 323 of participants in Khartoum state.

Comparison of serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetes with and without adequate diabetes control in Sudanese population in north of Sudan.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem in Sudan and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Dyslipidemia is a major complication of diabetes and an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its co-relation with the glycemic control in individuals with diabetes in River Nile State, Sudan.

Prevalence and determinants of undernutrition among children under 5-year-old in rural areas: A cross-sectional survey in North Sudan.

Background: Child malnutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition among children <5 years in River Nile state (RNS) in North Sudan.

Subjects And Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was done in four localities in RNS.

Prevalence of smoking in Sudanese individuals with diabetes and associated complications: Population-based study.

Introduction: Smoking cigarettes and diabetes are major public health problems in Sudan. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance and can be associated with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of smoking in individuals with diabetes and associated complications.

Metabolic control targets in Sudanese adults with type 1 diabetes: A population-based study.

Background: Type 1 diabetes is a challenging metabolic disorder for health authorities in Sudan. The objective of this study was to assess the level of glycemic control and to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and complications among individuals with type 1 diabetes in Sudan.

Materials And Methods: Individuals with type 1 diabetes, who were having the disease for at least 1 year, were invited to participate in this study.

HIV-Associated Nephropathy in Africa: Pathology, Clinical Presentation and Strategy for Prevention.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can lead to progressive decline in renal function known as HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Importantly, individuals of African ancestry are more at risk of developing HIVAN than their European descent counterparts. An in-depth search on Google Scholar, Medline and PubMed was conducted using the terms "HIVAN" and "pathology and clinical presentation", in addition to "prevalence and risk factors for HIVAN", with special emphasis on African countries for any articles published between 1990 and 2017.

Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV in Africa: re-emerging challenges not to be forgotten.

Background: The current challenge in managing people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV) includes the identification and monitoring for comorbid health risks associated with HIV and its treatment and longer survival. Dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome are increasingly seen in PLWHIV.

Objective: In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about diabetes, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in PLWHIV in Africa and also to discuss the challenges that patients as well as health authorities in Africa may face.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Coronary Syndrome Among Sudanese Individuals With Diabetes: A Population-Based Study.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is common with diabetes. The aim of this study was to establish prevalence and risk factors for ACS among Sudanese individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum State and Atabra (North of Sudan).

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Africa and Middle East: An Attempt to Predict the Present and Future Implications on the Healthcare System.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a group of hepatic diseases that range in severity. NAFLD is increasingly recognized as an epidemic among different populations, including those in Africa and the Middle East. The objective of this narrative review is to document the prevalence of and risk factors for NAFLD in Africa and the Middle East and the potential implications on the healthcare systems.

Sugar intake in Sudanese individuals was associated with some features of the metabolic syndrome: Population based study.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level of sugar intake among Sudanese individuals.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study with 323 participants. Respondents were grouped by the total intake of added sugars into two groups, one group with sugar intake more than 200 calories per day and other group with sugar intake less than 200 calories per day.

Diabetes and Ramadan: A concise and practical update.

Despite the fact that the month of Ramadan includes 29-30 days and the duration of fasting for each day can last for between 12 and 16 h, it was estimated that a large number of individuals with diabetes do fast during Ramadan. In light of recent advancement of new pharmacological agents, drugs such as vildagliptin, sitagliptin, and liraglutide were found to be safe to use during this month of fasting. These therapeutic agents can also be used in combination with metformin.

Prevalence of diabetic foot ulceration and associated risk factors: an old and still major public health problem in Khartoum, Sudan?

Background: Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is a major health problem across the globe. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of DFU and its associated risk factors in Sudanese individuals with diabetes.

Methods: Three hundred and ten individuals with type 2 diabetes, who have been on treatment for DM for at least 1 year and volunteered to participate, were enrolled in this study.

Diabetes complications in Sudanese individuals with type 2 diabetes: Overlooked problems in sub-Saharan Africa?

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem in Sudan and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of complications of type 2 diabetes across different cities in the country.

Methods: Individuals with type 2 diabetes, who have been on treatment for DM for at least one year and volunteered to participate, were selected from two diabetes centers in Sudan (Khartoum and Atbara).