Outcomes of combined use of topical and intravenous tranexamic acid on surgical field quality during functional endoscopic sinus surgery: Randomized controlled trial.

Background: Intraoperative bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) poses a challenge to both surgeon and anesthetist. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local, intravenous and combined use of tranexamic acid (TA) in improving the surgical field quality during FESS.

Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled double-blinded prospective trial on 120 patients scheduled for elective FESS.