The Coronaviruses of Animals and Birds: Their Zoonosis, Vaccines, and Models for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2.

The viruses of the family are ubiquitous in nature due to their existence in a wide spectrum of mammals and avian species. The coronaviruses, as RNA viruses, exist as quasispecies because of their high rate of mutations. This review elaborates on the pathogenesis and the developed vaccines of most of the ubiquitous coronavirus' diseases, mainly bovine, dromedary camel, porcine, feline, canine, and avian coronaviruses.

Investigation of in Arabian dromedary camels ().

Aim: subspecies (MAP) causes Johne's disease in ruminants. This study aimed to investigate infection in clinically infected camels on the immunological, conventional bacteriological, and molecular biological basis.

Materials And Methods: A total of 30 Arabian camels () were examined in this study.

Reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies to human CD antigens with peripheral blood leucocytes of dromedary camels ().

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to cell surface molecules have been proven as a key tool for phenotypic and functional characterization of the cellular immune response. One of the major difficulties in studying camel cellular immunity consists in the lack of mAbs that dtect their leukocyte differentiation antigens. In the present study two-parameter flow cytometry was used to screen existing commercially available mAbs to human leukocyte antigens and major histocompatibility molecules (MHC) for their reactivity with camel leukocytes.

The CD markers of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk cells during mastitis: the LPAM-1 expression is an indication of possible mucosal nature of the cellular trafficking.

Studying the cellular populations of the camel mammary glands through the expression pattern of the CD markers and adhesion molecules is a mean to define whether the cellular trafficking pathway is peripheral or mucosal nature. Camel milk cells from 8 Gram-positive and 5 Gram-negative infected camels were examined with flow cytometry using cross-reacting antibodies like, anti-CD4(+), CD8(+), WC+1(+)γδ, CD62L, CD11a(+)/CD18, LPAM-1, CXCR2. The overall results indicated high flow cytometry output of most of the CD makers.

The gammadelta cells as marker of non-seroconverted cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.

Early diagnosis of MAP infection is a pressing need to enable efficient intervention with the spread of MAP infection in herds. Hence, study of lymphocyte subsets and their expressed adhesion molecules could contribute in defining a distinct diagnostic marker (or markers) at the subclinical period of the infection that could in turn facilitate the development of effective diagnostic approach. In accordance with this objective, milk and blood samples were collected from two groups of cattle naturally infected with MAP and their corresponding negative controls.

The etiology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease.

The etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) has drawn heated controversy in the literature. Compelling evidence in the literature has accumulated lately that could incriminate the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the well-known agent of John's disease in cattle. The evidence is isolation of the organism or its DNA and RNA, detection of the anti-MAP antibodies in Crohn's patients, increasing incidents of CD in areas close to the cattle pastures, and the possibility of treating the disease with the antibiotics.

Diazinon immunotoxicity in mice: modulation of cytokines level and their gene expression.

Diazinon is one of the organophosphate pesticides of wide spectrum insect-killing power. Diazinon extensive application as an effective pesticide was associated with direct or indirect modulation of major and vital immune mechanisms. This study addressed the effect of diazinon toxicity on cytokines that are involved in the regulation of innate, cellular and humoral immune responses.

The cytokines of bovine mammary gland: prospects for diagnosis and therapy.

The lack of efficacy of conventional strategies for the maintenance of healthy udders in domestic cattle has prompted studies on the use of cytokines for this purpose. The adjuvant use of recombinant bovine cytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, in normal mammary gland, mobilizes innate and acquired immunity. However, stimulated immunity does not prevent or eradicate infection, particularly in the case of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.