Effects of Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation on External Mechanical and Thermal Stimuli Perception Using Quantitative Sensory Testing: A Multicenter Stimulation ON-OFF Study on Chronic Pain Patients.

Objectives: Tonic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is currently used to treat neuropathic pain. With this type of stimulation, an implantable pulse generator generates electrical paresthesias in the affected area through 1 or more epidural leads. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of tonic SCS on the sensory perception of chronic pain patients using quantitative sensory testing (QST).

A Review of Biomarkers Use in Parkinson with Deep Brain Stimulation: A Successful Past Promising a Bright Future.

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) remains a common neurodegenerative disorder. Functional neurosurgery largely arose with the introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a potential option for PD unresponsive to medical management. Biomarkers are clinical and laboratory indicators of therapeutic success or failure.

Chiari I malformation with underlying pseudotumor cerebri: Poor symptom relief following posterior decompression surgery.

Introduction: 
 Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) patients exhibit clear clinical signs and symptoms of higher intracranial pressure (ICP) without ventricular enlargement or mass lesions. The clinical picture of patients with PTC can sometimes be similar to that of Chiari Malformation type I (CMI). There is some evidence that Chiari I malformation and PTC may coexist, which raises the question of whether PTC is an idiopathic disease or a complication of posterior decompression surgery-treatment of choice for Chiari I malformation.

Diagnostic Work-Up of a Giant Calcified Intracranial Aneurysm: Comparing 4D-CTA and Cerebral Angiogram Findings.

The risks associated with unruptured intracranial aneurysms can be neurologically debilitating and even fatal. Evaluation of these aneurysms is critical for determining what type of intervention is warranted, if at all. Cerebral angiography has long been the gold standard in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms.

A Comparison of Pharmacologic Therapeutic Agents Used for the Reduction of Intracranial Pressure After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: In neurotrauma care, a better understanding of treatments after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has led to a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality in this population. TBI represents a significant medical problem, and complications after TBI are associated with the initial injury and postevent intracranial processes such as increased intracranial pressure and brain edema. Consequently, appropriate therapeutic interventions are required to reduce brain tissue damage and improve cerebral perfusion.

Streptococcus Mutans: A Potential Risk Factor in Recurrent Hemorrhagic Stroke.

Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death and is responsible for approximately nine percent of all deaths worldwide. Cases of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans-induced intracerebral hemorrhage as a result of bloodstream infections have seldom been reported.

Dynamic Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography for Neurovascular Pathologies.

Background: This article illustrates, summarizes, and reviews the multifaceted application of four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the characterization and diagnosis of various cerebrovascular and tumor-associated vascular pathologies through the presentation of clinical cases, including acute and chronic stroke, arteriovenous malformations, aneurysm, moyamoya disease, and hypervascularity associated with a tumor and its relationship to preoperative embolization. The technical nuances and limitations of the 4D-CTA technique are also discussed.

Case Description: We present 6 cases that best elucidate the application and technical nuances of 4D-CTA and its advantages over traditional digital subtraction angiography.

Considerations in Spinal Fusion Surgery for Chronic Lumbar Pain: Psychosocial Factors, Rating Scales, and Perioperative Patient Education-A Review of the Literature.

Objective: Despite widespread use of lumbar spinal fusion as a treatment for back pain, outcomes remain variable. Optimizing patient selection can help to reduce adverse outcomes. This literature review was conducted to better understand factors associated with optimal postoperative results after lumbar spinal fusion for chronic back pain and current tools used for evaluation.

Neural basis of pedophilia: Altered sexual preference following traumatic brain injury.

• Sexual problems are related to three components: physiology, sociocultural background, and neurological location of injury. • Studying the neural basis of sexual response and preference is crucial for exposing pathways involved in sexual disorders. • Literature case reports have shown that sexual disinhibition is associated with basal frontal lobe dysfunction.