Atypical glandular cells (AGC): Cytology of glandular lesions of the uterine cervix.

The Pap smear is a well-known screening tool for squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. However, its screening role in glandular lesions is less effective. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix has dramatically decreased with the advent of Pap smear and recent understanding related to HPV carcinogenesis of cervical cancers including the advent of HPV vaccines.

Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL: LSIL, HSIL, ASCUS, ASC-H, LSIL-H) of Uterine Cervix and Bethesda System.

For every 100,000 women in the United States, eight new cervical cancer cases and two deaths are reported as per the most recent (2017) Center of Disease Control and Prevention statistics. Of all the gynecologic cancers (ovary, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva), only cervical cancer has a screening test. Cervical Pap test (or Pap smear) is the best screening method for cervical precancerous lesions and is best reported using a unified and a well-established reporting system like The Bethesda System.

Cell-blocks and hematolymphoid lesions.

Cell-blocks are an important component for evaluation for hematolymphoid lesions. They are especially critical for immunocharacterization of the lymphoid population especially when flow cytometry is not available or cannot be performed. In addition, cell-blocks allow various molecular pathology tests including gene rearrangement studies and FISH, proteomics analysis, and microbiology/histochemical special stains.

Metastatic Testicular Choriocarcinoma: An Unusual Cause of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed.

Testicular cancer is the most common neoplasia in men between the ages of 15 to 44 years. Choriocarcinoma represents less than 2% of testicular tumors. It is usually characterized by an early hematogenous spread to the lungs and brain.

Factors affecting the concordance of radiologic and pathologic tumor size in breast carcinoma.

Background: Radiologic assessment of tumor size is an integral part of the work-up for breast carcinoma. With improved radiologic equipment, surgical decision relies profoundly upon radiologic/clinical stage. We wanted to see the concordance between radiologic and pathologic tumor size to infer how accurate radiologic/clinical staging is.

Processing the entire capsule in thyroid follicular lesions improves diagnostic accuracy.

Background: There is contradictory evidence in literature with respect to diagnosis and management of follicular lesions of the thyroid gland. From surgical pathology stand point, pathologists require submission and processing of entire capsule for microscopic evaluation. This can be extremely challenging especially in larger lesions.

Role of "Second Look" Lymph Node Search in Harvesting Optimal Number of Lymph Nodes for Staging of Colorectal Carcinoma.

As with other malignancies, lymph node metastasis is an important staging element and prognostic factor in colorectal carcinomas. The number of involved lymph nodes is directly related to decreased 5-year overall survival for all pT stages according to United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry database. The National Quality Forum specifies that the presence of at least 12 lymph nodes in a surgical resection is one of the key quality measures for the evaluation of colorectal cancer.

Tumor Size in Breast Carcinoma: Gross Measurement Is Important!

Introduction: The staging of breast carcinoma is mainly dependent on tumor size and lymph node status. Small increments in tumor size upstage the patient. An accurate determination of the tumor size is therefore critically important.

Utility of Additional Tissue Sections in Surgical Pathology.

Background: To avoid diagnostic errors such as missed diagnosis and errors in staging tumors due to inadequate tissue sampling, pathologists submit additional sections (AS).

Objective: This study assessed frequency, diagnostic yield, distribution, and cost of AS.

Method: Among 1542 AS cases, we calculated mean AS per case; fraction of AS that altered diagnosis or stage; AS variation by tissue, malignant versus benign lesions, presence or absence of neoadjuvant therapy, mass, margin, lymph nodes, or other source, resident versus pathologist assistant (PA) dissector; and AS cost per case.

Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Risk Factor for Cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a very aggressive and lethal tumor, which arises from the epithelial cells of bile ducts. CCA comprises about 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies and its incidence is on the rise in the recent years. Anatomically, it is classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, or extrahepatic (distal) CCA.

Incidence of Extraprostatic Extension at Radical Prostatectomy with Pure Gleason Score 3 + 3 = 6 (Grade Group 1) Cancer: Implications for Whether Gleason Score 6 Prostate Cancer Should be Renamed "Not Cancer" and for Selection Criteria for Active Surveillance.

Purpose: We assessed the risk of locally aggressive behavior in pure Gleason score 6 (Grade Group 1) prostate cancer using contemporary grading criteria. To our knowledge this has been studied in only 1 prior cohort.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens from an academic institution, including those from 3,291 men with Gleason score 6 and 4,202 with Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 (Grade Group 2) disease between 2005 and 2016.

Pulmonary placental transmogrification associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report with a comprehensive review of the literature.

Pulmonary placental transmogrification (PT) is a rare entity with less than 40 cases reported in the literature. Most reported cases are associated with either bullous emphysema or with pulmonary fibrochondromatous hamartomas. We present only the second case of PT associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and HIV Associated Nephropathy: Mimickers of Myeloma-Like Cast Nephropathy.

Myeloma cast nephropathy is an obstructing disorder of renal tubules, caused by precipitation of Bence Jones proteins. Myeloma-like cast nephropathy (MLCN) has been reported in the literature to occur in various primary renal and nonrenal diseases. We present a series of three rare cases of cast nephropathy, two of which are HIV patients, and the third patient is receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy.