Diagnosis of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) and MOG Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD).

Aquaporin-4 antibody-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD; also termed MOG encephalomyelitis) are autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. The typical initial manifestations in adult patients are optic neuritis and myelitis. Patients often present with additional involvement of the brain and brainstem, more so in the later stages of the disease.

Offspring sex ratios among male tobacco smokers in Khartoum, Sudan.

Objectives: To explore any association between paternal tobacco smoking and the offspring secondary sex ratio, as well as the effect of duration and intensity of smoking on gender ratio.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted around major public areas within Khartoum, Sudan, between August and September 2008 and involved 458 married Sudanese males with offsprings. The sample consisted of 111 (24.