The potential relationship between gasotransmitters and oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

The interrelationship between gasotransmitters and oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in lead-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated in this study. On prolonged exposure, lead was accumulated in liver tissue of rats and impaired liver function and structure as assessed by measurement of the serum hepatic function markers and by histopathological examination. The accumulated metal induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the liver.

Determination of linagliptin and empagliflozin by UPLC and HPTLC techniques aided by lean six sigma approach.

Two chromatographic techniques were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the newly co-formulated antidiabetic combination linagliptin and empagliflozin in their pure form and film-coated tables. The first technique was UPLC; the separation and resolution of both analytes were achieved using a Zorbax eclipse plus C column applying an isocratic elution based on phosphate buffer pH 4-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) as a running mobile phase at flow rate 1.5 ml/min and the effluent was monitored at 220 nm.

The interrelationship between gasotransmitters and lead-induced renal toxicity in rats.

This study explored the role of gasotransmitters in lead-induced nephrotoxicity. Long-term exposure of rats to lead resulted in its accumulation in kidney. The accumulated metal impaired kidney function and structure.

Protective effect of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) against hypertension-induced renal injury in rats.

Background: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation.

Methods: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME.

Protective effect of the standardized extract of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) against hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced renal injury in rats: Insights in the underlying mechanisms.

The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension with hypercholesterolemia-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced by L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rats with a diet containing 1% cholesterol. In these animals repeated treatment with EGb761 produced a progressive reduction in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (BP).

A potential mechanism for the ameliorative effect of thymoquinone on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and cognitive impairments in mice.

Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in epileptic patients. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling is a well established animal model which simulates clinical epilepsy. This study evaluated the potential role of glutamate, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling and associated cognitive impairments in mice and effect of thymoquinone on these parameters.

Protective effect of citicoline against aluminum-induced cognitive impairments in rats.

The potential protective effect of citicoline on aluminum chloride-induced cognitive deficits was investigated in rats. In a Morris water maze, administration of aluminum chloride to rats for 90 days resulted in increased escape latency to reach the platform and decreased swimming speed in acquisition trials. Similarly, in probe trials, the time required to reach the hidden platform was increased and the time spent in the target quadrant was reduced.

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some new pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines and related heterocycles.

A series of new pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines containing, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, imidazothiadiazolyl, thiazolidinonyl, substituents and other different substituents, was synthesized using 1,6-diphenyl-3-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5-carbonitrile (2) as a starting material. Some of the newly prepared compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. Compounds 9a, 13a-d and 14a at a dose of 10mg/kg showed very significant anticonvulsant activity and increased the latency time of PTZ-induced tonic seizures.

Effect of simvastatin on the antihypertensive activity of losartan in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients: role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

This study investigated whether simvastatin has antihypertensive activity and can enhance the antihypertensive effect of losartan in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were induced in rats by L-NAME and cholesterol-enriched diet, respectively. In these animals, repeated administration of simvastatin decreased the systolic blood pressure, enhanced its progressive reductions induced by repeated administration of losartan, and corrected the compromised lipid profile.

Role of oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid.

In this study, the possible role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) synthase isoforms in the development of morphine tolerance and dependence, and effect of alpha-lipoic acid on these parameters were investigated in mice. The development of morphine tolerance as measured by the hot plate test and dependence, as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal manifestations, produced an increase in brain glutamate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and NO production as well as a decrease in brain intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Also, the development of these syndromes increased inducible but not neuronal NO synthase mRNA and protein expressions in mice brain.

Inhibition of brain oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by thymoquinone attenuates the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice.

In this study, the effect of thymoquinone on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice was investigated. Repeated administration of thymoquinone along with morphine attenuated the development of morphine tolerance, as measured by the hot plate test, and dependence, as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal manifestations. Concurrently, morphine-induced progressive increase in brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level and nitric oxide (NO) production as well as progressive decrease in brain intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were inhibited by co-administration of thymoquinone.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of tricyclic antidepressants on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in neuropathic pain model.

The analgesic effect of acute i.p. administration of amitriptyline (norepinepherine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor), clomipramine (serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and desipramine (norepinepherine reuptake inhibitor) was studied in chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of sciatic nerve in rats and mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also investigated.

Involvement of glutamate, oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the convulsant activity of ciprofloxacin in mice.

This study investigated the potential convulsive activity of ciprofloxacin in mice and the possible mechanism(s) of this activity. Intraperitoneal (i.p.

Simvastatin enhances the antihypertensive effect of ramipril in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients. Possible role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

In this study, the effects of simvastatin on the blood pressure and on the antihypertensive activity of ramipril in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients were evaluated. In hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals, repeated administration of simvastatin slightly but significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure, enhanced its progressive reductions induced by repeated administration of ramipril and corrected the compromised lipid profile. Concomitantly, repeated administration of simvastatin, ramipril or simvastatin in combination with ramipril to these animals, increased nitric oxide (NO) production and decreased the elevated serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels.

Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against tramadol-induced tolerance and dependence in mice: role of nitric oxide and oxidative stress.

Nigella sativa seed extracts and its oil have been exploited for their various health benefits. In this study, the effects of N. sativa oil on tramadol-induced tolerance and dependence and possible mechanism(s) of these effects were investigated, for the first time, in mice.

Blockade of nitric oxide overproduction and oxidative stress by Nigella sativa oil attenuates morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice.

The effects of Nigella sativa oil on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice and possible mechanism(s) of these effects were investigated, for the first time, in this study. Repeated administration of Nigella sativa oil (4 ml/kg, p.o.

Alpha-lipoic acid protects against potassium cyanide-induced seizures and mortality.

This study was proposed to investigate the potential protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) against potassium cyanide (KCN)-induced seizures and lethality in mice. The intraperitoneal ED(50) value of KCN, as measured by induction of clonic and tonic seizures was increased by pretreatment of mice with α-LA (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the intraperitoneal LD(50) value of KCN, based on 24h mortality, was increased by pretreatment with α-LA in a dose-dependent manner.

The potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal damage.

The potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA) in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was investigated in rats. Pretreatment of rats with alpha-LA (100mg/kg) orally protected markedly against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by an acute oral toxic dose of APAP (2.5 g/kg) as assessed by biochemical measurements and by histopathological examination.

Role of nitric oxide and reduced glutathione in the protective effects of aminoguanidine, gadolinium chloride and oleanolic acid against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal damage.

The potential protective role of aminoguanidine (AG), gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3)) and oleanolic acid (OA) in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was investigated in rats. Pretreatment of rats with AG (50mg/kg) orally, GdCl(3) (10mg/kg) intramuscularly or OA (25mg/kg) intramuscularly protected markedly against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by an acute oral toxic dose of APAP (2.5g/kg) as assessed by biochemical measurements and by histopathological examination.

Attenuation of morphine tolerance and dependence by aminoguanidine in mice.

The effect of aminoguanidine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice was investigated in this study. Acute administration of aminoguanidine (20 mg/kg, p.o.

Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spina-christi leaves.

The effect of the butanol extract of Zizyphus spina-christi (L.), Willd (Rhamnaceae) leaves and its major saponin glycoside, christinin-A, on the serum glucose and insulin levels was studied in non-diabetic control, type-I (insulin-dependent) and type-II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic rats. Pretreatment either with 100 mg/kg butanol extract or christinin-A potentiated glucose-induced insulin release in non-diabetic control rats.