Background: Heart failure (HF) is associated with chronic inflammation, which is adversely associated with survival. Although sex-related differences in inflammation have been described in patients with HF, whether sex-related differences in inflammation are associated with event-free survival has not been examined.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether the association between inflammation as indicated by tumor necrosis factor-α and event-free survival differs between men and women with HF after controlling for demographic and clinical variables.