Training Intensity, Not Duration, May Be Key to Upregulating Presynaptic Proteins of Calcium Dynamics and Calcium-Dependent Exocytosis in Fast- and Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscles, in Addition to Maintaining Performance After Detraining.

Neuromuscular adaptations are essential for improving athletic performance. However, little is known about the effect of different endurance training protocols and their subsequent detraining on the gene expression of critical factors for neuromuscular synaptic transmission. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of endurance training (high-intensity interval training [HIIT], continuous [cEND], mixed interval [Mix], and all protocols combined [Comb]) and detraining on performance and gene expression (GE) of the alpha-1a, synaptotagmin II (Syt-II), synaptobrevin II (Vamp2), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the gastrocnemius and soleus of Wistar rats.

Effects of different lengths of high-intensity interval training microcycles on the systemic and hippocampal inflammatory state and antioxidant balance of immature rats.

There is a lack of evidence on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) microcycle duration on the antioxidant capacity and hippocampal inflammatory response of young (immature) samples. This study compared two HIIT microcycles lengths on adaptation to training, antioxidant balance, and systemic and hippocampal inflammation in immature rats. Twenty-four immature Wistar rats (27 days) were equally divided into groups: control; 4-day HIIT (3 training days + 1 rest day); and 7-day HIIT (6 training days + 1 rest day).

Muscle gene expression of CGRP-α, CGRP receptor, nAchR-β, and GDNF in response to different endurance training protocols of Wistar rats.

The neuromuscular junction underwent adaptations to meet the demands of muscles following increased muscle activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), endurance training (END), and mixed interval training (MIX) on the gene expression of the calcitonin gene-related peptide-α (CGRP-α), CGRP receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR)-β and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) among different muscle types. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (n = 8), END (n = 8), HIIT (n = 8), and MIX (n = 8).

Influence of Endurance Exercise Overloading Patterns on the Levels of Left Ventricular Catechoamines After a Bout of Lactate Threshold Test in Male Wistar Rat.

Background: It is well known that exercise training has positive effect on catecholamine response to a given work load. But in this regard, the effective method of training needs to be studied.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks endurance exercise with two overloading patterns on the left ventricular catecholamine levels.

The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Afghanistan: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To characterize hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and inform public health research, policy, and programming priorities in Afghanistan.

Methods: Records of HCV incidence and prevalence were reviewed systematically and synthesized following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were implemented using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model with inverse variance weighting to estimate HCV prevalence among various at risk populations.

The status of blood safety in ECO member states.

Background: Access to the information concerning blood safety is essential for managing problems and overcoming the challenges that are faced in any given region. Information on the availability and safety of blood in countries of the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) is largely lacking. To address this problem, the Iranian Blood Transfusion Organisation, in collaboration with other ECO member states, initiated a research project in 2009 to collect, analyse and compare statistics on blood safety in the region.

Evaluating the impact a proposed family planning model would have on maternal and infant mortality in Afghanistan.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the potential impact a proposed family planning model would have on reducing maternal and infant mortality in Afghanistan.

Background: Afghanistan has a high total fertility rate, high infant mortality rate, and high maternal mortality rate. Afghanistan also has tremendous socio-cultural barriers to and misconceptions about family planning services.

Blood supply safety in Afghanistan: a national assessment of high-volume facilities.

Background: Little information is available regarding blood supply safety in Afghanistan. The purpose of this study was to assess blood safety through serologic and observational measures in Afghanistan.

Study Design And Methods: This cross-sectional assessment included the 40 highest-volume facilities collecting and transfusing blood nationally identified in a previous survey.

A national mapping assessment of blood collection and transfusion service facilities in Afghanistan.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess functionality and resources of facilities providing blood collection and transfusion services in Afghanistan.

Study Design And Methods: This national cross-sectional assessment included facilities collecting or transfusing blood identified through official data sources and private key informants. At each facility, study representatives completed a standardized instrument assessing presence of records logbook, electricity, refrigeration, and required transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI; human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, and hepatitis B and C) test kits.

Status of blood banking and the blood supply in Afghanistan.

Background: As a result of more than 20 years of war in Afghanistan, its blood supply system has been damaged. We carried out an assessment of that blood supply system to determine the type and extent of assistance needed to increase blood availability and safety.

Study Design And Methods: An assessment tool was developed, daily activities in Afghanistan were observed, and key personnel were interviewed.

The regeneration structure and biodiversity of trees and shrub species in understory of pure plantations of oak and mixed with hornbeam in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran.

The regeneration structure and biodiversity of trees and shrub species in under story of pure and mixed Oak plantations were investigated in Chamestan Forest and Rangeland Research Station of Iran. Planted species including Oak (as main species) and Hornbeam (as associated species). This species were planted in five proportions (100Q, 70Q:30C, 60Q:40C, 50Q:50C, 40Q:60Z) in Northern of Iran in 11 years ago.