Explainable Machine Learning to Predict Treatment Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated promise in the treatment of various cancers. Single-drug ICI therapy (immuno-oncology [IO] monotherapy) that targets PD-L1 is the standard of care in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with PD-L1 expression ≥50%. We sought to find out if a machine learning (ML) algorithm can perform better as a predictive biomarker than PD-L1 alone.

Racial Discrimination-related Interoceptive Network Disruptions: A Pathway to Disconnection.

Background: Racial discrimination (RD) disrupts regulatory systems in minoritized individuals, particularly those that govern attention, including attention to visceral signals (interoception). RD frequency is linked to physiological "shut down" responses, characterized clinically by dissociation. We examined associations between RD frequency and functional connectivity of attention and interoceptive networks in sample of trauma-exposed Black women, investigating how connectivity alterations associate with dissociation severity.

Volumetric Breast Density Estimation From Three-Dimensional Reconstructed Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Images Using Deep Learning.

Purpose: Breast density is a widely established independent breast cancer risk factor. With the increasing utilization of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in breast cancer screening, there is an opportunity to estimate volumetric breast density (VBD) routinely. However, current available methods extrapolate VBD from two-dimensional (2D) images acquired using DBT and/or depend on the existence of raw DBT data, which is rarely archived by clinical centers because of storage constraints.

GPT-4 performance on querying scientific publications: reproducibility, accuracy, and impact of an instruction sheet.

Background: Large language models (LLMs) that can efficiently screen and identify studies meeting specific criteria would streamline literature reviews. Additionally, those capable of extracting data from publications would enhance knowledge discovery by reducing the burden on human reviewers.

Methods: We created an automated pipeline utilizing OpenAI GPT-4 32 K API version "2023-05-15" to evaluate the accuracy of the LLM GPT-4 responses to queries about published papers on HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) with and without an instruction sheet.

Policies in Canada fail to address disparities in access to person-centred osteoarthritis care: a content analysis.

Background: Women are disproportionately impacted by osteoarthritis (OA) but less likely than men to access OA care, particularly racialized women. One way to reduce inequities is through policies that can influence healthcare services. We examined how OA-relevant policies in Canada address equitable, person-centred OA care for women.

The efficacy of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program surgical risk calculator in head and neck surgery: A meta-analysis.

Background: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program surgical risk calculator (SRC) estimates the risk for postoperative complications. This meta-analysis assesses the efficacy of the SRC in the field of head and neck surgery.

Methods: A systematic review identified studies comparing the SRC's predictions to observed outcomes following head and neck surgeries.

Priority strategies to reduce socio-gendered inequities in access to person-centred osteoarthritis care: Delphi survey.

Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) prevalence, severity and related comorbid conditions are greater among women compared with men, but women, particularly racialised women, are less likely than men to access OA care. We aimed to prioritise strategies needed to reduce inequities in OA management.

Design: Delphi survey of 28 strategies derived from primary research retained if at least 80% of respondents rated 6 or 7 on a 7-point Likert scale.

The way forward to produce nutraceuticals from agri-food processing residues: obstacle, solution, and possibility.

Food matrices contain bioactive compounds that have health benefits beyond nutritional value. The bulk of bioactive chemicals are still present in agro-industrial by-products as food matrices. Throughout the food production chain, there is a lot of agro-industrial waste that, if not managed effectively, could harm the environment, company, and how nutritiously and adequately people eat.

The RIVET RCT: Rifamycin SV MMX improves muscle mass, physical function, and ammonia in cirrhosis and minimal encephalopathy.

Background: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) negatively affects the prognosis of cirrhosis, but treatment is not standard. Rifamycin SV MMX (RiVM) is a nonabsorbable rifampin derivative with colonic action.

Methods: In a phase 2 placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial patients with MHE were randomized to RiVM or placebo for 30 days with a 7-day follow-up.

Multi-level strategies to improve equitable timely person-centred osteoarthritis care for diverse women: qualitative interviews with women and healthcare professionals.

Background: Women are more likely to develop osteoarthritis (OA), and have greater OA pain and disability compared with men, but are less likely to receive guideline-recommended management, particularly racialized women. OA care of diverse women, and strategies to improve the quality of their OA care is understudied. The purpose of this study was to explore strategies to overcome barriers of access to OA care for diverse women.

The fragility index: how robust are the outcomes of head and neck cancer randomised, controlled trials?

Background: The fragility index represents the minimum number of patients required to convert an outcome from statistically significant to insignificant. This report assesses the fragility index of head and neck cancer randomised, controlled trials.

Methods: Studies were extracted from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane databases.

Identifying strategies that support equitable person-centred osteoarthritis care for diverse women: content analysis of guidelines.

Introduction: Women are disproportionately impacted by osteoarthritis (OA) but less likely than men to access early diagnosis and management, or experience OA care tailored through person-centred approaches to their needs and preferences, particularly racialized women. One way to support clinicians in optimizing OA care is through clinical guidelines. We aimed to examine the content of OA guidelines for guidance on providing equitable, person-centred care to disadvantaged groups including women.

Associations of deep sleep and obstructive sleep apnea with family relationships, life satisfaction, and physical stress experience in children: a caregiver perspective.

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and poor quality of sleep negatively impacts health-related quality of life in adults, but few studies have evaluated the association between sleep disturbance (eg, OSA, inadequate sleep) and health-related quality of life domains (eg, family relations, life satisfaction) in children.

Methods: Children ages 8-17 years referred to a sleep center for routine polysomnography from April 2022 to August 2022 were approached to participate in the study, and children visiting the department of pediatrics for their wellness visit were recruited for comparisons. Statistical analysis was conducted using R 3.

Civilian Moral Injury and Amygdala Functional Connectivity During Attention to Threat.

Background: Moral injury references emotional and spiritual/existential suffering that may emerge following psychological trauma. Despite being linked to adverse mental health outcomes, little is known about the neurophysiological mechanisms of this phenomenon. In this study, we examined neural correlates of moral injury exposure and distress using the Moral Injury Exposure and Symptom Scale for Civilians.

Strategies to Improve Equitable Access to Early Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Management: An updated Review.

Though osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions of people worldwide, many fail to access recommended early, person-centered OA care, particularly women who are disproportionately impacted by OA. A prior review identified few strategies to improve equitable access to early diagnosis and management for multiple disadvantaged groups. We aimed to update that review with literature published in 2010 or later on strategies to improve OA care for disadvantaged groups including women.

Visuo-vestibular and cognitive connections of the vestibular neuromatrix are conserved across age and injury populations.

Background And Purpose: Given the prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in pediatric concussion, there is a need to better understand pathophysiological disruptions within vestibular and associated cognitive, affective, and sensory-integrative networks. Although current research leverages established intrinsic connectivity networks, these are nonspecific for vestibular function, suggesting that a pathologically guided approach is warranted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the generalizability of the previously identified "vestibular neuromatrix" in adults with and without postconcussive vestibular dysfunction to young athletes aged 14-17.

Isolation of Food Grade Dye from Flower Petals of and Determination of Marker Compounds for Its Quantitative Analysis.

Health concerns associated with synthetic dyes/colorants have fostered the use of natural coloring materials for food applications. This study has been carried out to extract a natural dye from the flower petals of (family Fabaceae) under an eco-friendly and organic solvent-free approach. Hot aqueous extraction of dry flowers followed by lyophilization of the resulting extract furnished an orange-colored dye in ∼35% yield.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Ontario Best Practices Research Initiative (OBRI).

Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic created challenges for patients with RA. We examined the potential impact of the pandemic on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), disease activity and medication profiles, comparing the periods pre-pandemic and during the pandemic.

Methods: Patients enrolled in the Ontario Best Practices Research Initiative were included if they had at least one visit to a physician or study interviewer within 12 months before and after the start of pandemic-related closures in Ontario (15 March 2020).

Eagle-449: A volumetric, whole-brain compilation of brain atlases for vestibular functional MRI research.

Human vestibular processing involves distributed networks of cortical and subcortical regions which perform sensory and multimodal integrative functions. These functional hubs are also interconnected with areas subserving cognitive, affective, and body-representative domains. Analysis of these diverse components of the vestibular and vestibular-associated networks, and synthesis of their holistic functioning, is therefore vital to our understanding of the genesis of vestibular dysfunctions and aid treatment development.

Predictors of seroconversion after coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination.

Background: Vaccine nonresponse during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has considerable individual and societal risks.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with lack of seroconversion after vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Methods: Demographic and clinical data were collected from 805 patients who had validated antibody assays against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at least 14 days after completion of their COVID-19 vaccination.