Benign acute myositis in an adult: case-based review.

Myositis is a clinical condition with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation. We present the case of 33 years old woman with acute history of pain and swelling of both legs. Investigations confirmed acute bilateral myositis of both calf muscles.

Cardiovascular risk reduction in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus-a comprehensive narrative review.

Metabolic targets are controversial in older people with type 2 diabetes due to functional heterogeneity and morbidity burden. Tight blood pressure and metabolic control appears beneficial in fit individuals who are newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and have fewer comorbidities. The benefits of low blood pressure and tight metabolic control is attenuated with the development of comorbidities, especially frailty.

Spontaneous retropharyngeal abscess presenting as delirium in a frail older woman: a case-based review.

Introduction: Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) is an uncommon infection in older people, which usually presents with localized upper airway symptoms.

Case Presentation: We present a case of RPA in a 69-year-old frail woman with co-morbidities, who presented atypically with delirium. She initially complained of general symptoms of malaise, body aches and general decline.

The outcome of frailty in older people with diabetes as a function of glycaemic control and hypoglycaemic therapy: a review.

Introduction: Frailty is an emerging and newly recognized complication of diabetes in older people. However, frailty is not thoroughly investigated in diabetes outcome studies.

Areas Covered: This manuscript reviews the effect of glycemic control and hypoglycemic therapy on the incidence of frailty in older people with diabetes.

Metabolic Characteristics of Frail Older People with Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Search for Phenotypes.

Frailty in older people with diabetes is viewed as one homogeneous category. We previously suggested that frailty is not homogeneous and spans across a metabolic spectrum that starts with an anorexic malnourished (AM) frail phenotype and ends with a sarcopenic obese (SO) phenotype. We aimed to investigate the metabolic characteristics of frail older people with diabetes reported in the current literature to explore whether they fit into two distinctive metabolic phenotypes.

Effects of glycemic control on frailty: a multidimensional perspective.

Diabetes prevalence increases with increasing age due to increased life expectancy. In older people with diabetes, frailty is an emerging diabetes-related complication. Although the literature is focused on the physical decline as the main manifestation of frailty, other domains such as cognitive and emotional dysfunction are commonly associated with physical frailty constituting a triad of impairment (TOI).

Enhancing diabetes care for the most vulnerable in the 21st century: Interim findings of the National Advisory Panel on Care Home Diabetes (NAPCHD).

Older adults with diabetes may carry a substantial health burden in Western ageing societies, occupy more than one in four beds in care homes, and are a highly vulnerable group who often require complex nursing and medical care. The global pandemic (COVID-19) had its epicentre in care homes and revealed many shortfalls in diabetes care resulting in hospital admissions and considerable mortality and comorbid illness. The purpose of this work was to develop a national Strategic Document of Diabetes Care for Care Homes which would bring about worthwhile, sustainable and effective quality diabetes care improvements, and address the shortfalls in care provided.

Metabolic Impact of Frailty Changes Diabetes Trajectory.

Diabetes mellitus prevalence increases with increasing age. In older people with diabetes, frailty is a newly emerging and significant complication. Frailty induces body composition changes that influence the metabolic state and affect diabetes trajectory.

Effects of hypoglycaemic therapy on frailty: a multi-dimensional perspective.

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing in older people. With increasing age, frailty emerges as a new complication leading to disability. Frailty does not only include physical dysfunction but also involves negative impact on cognition and mood.

Multimorbidity, Frailty and Diabetes in Older People-Identifying Interrelationships and Outcomes.

Multimorbidity and frailty are highly prevalent in older people with diabetes. This high prevalence is likely due to a combination of ageing and diabetes-related complications and other diabetes-associated comorbidities. Both multimorbidity and frailty are associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes in older people with diabetes, which are proportionally related to the number of morbidities and to the severity of frailty.

Molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole derivatives as cytotoxic agents endowed with ABCB1 inhibitory action to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a leading cause for treatment failure in cancer patients. One of the reasons of MDR is drug efflux by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in eukaryotic cells especially ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein). In this study, certain novel 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole derivatives were designed utilising ligand based pharmacophore approach.

Hypoglycaemic therapy in frail older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus-a choice determined by metabolic phenotype.

Frailty is a newly emerging complication of diabetes in older people and increasingly recognised in national and international clinical guidelines. However, frailty remains less clearly defined and frail older people with diabetes are rarely characterised. The general recommendation of clinical guidelines is to aim for a relaxed glycaemic control, mainly to avoid hypoglycaemia, in this often-vulnerable group of patients.

Biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis - a systematic review.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, symmetrically affecting the small joints. Biomarkers are tools that can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of RA.

Aim: To systematically explore the role of the biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (Anti-CCP), 14-3-3η protein, and the multi-biomarker disease activity (MBDA) score for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

Metabolic phenotypes explain the relationship between dysglycaemia and frailty in older people with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Dysglycaemia (hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia) increase the risk of frailty in older people with diabetes, which appears contradictory. However, the characteristics of patients included in these studies are different and may reflect different metabolic phenotypes of frailty that may explain this apparent contradiction.

Aims: To review the characteristics of frail patients included in clinical studies that reported an association between dysglycaemia and frailty in order to explore whether there is any metabolic differences in the profile of these patients.

Low glycaemic state increases risk of frailty and functional decline in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus - Evidence from a systematic review.

Aims: To explore risk of frailty and functional decline associated with low glycaemia in older people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Systematic review.

Results: 11 studies included.

Impact of frailty metabolic phenotypes on the management of older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims: To provide a pathophysiological basis for distinguishing metabolic variants of the frailty phenotype in older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We have made an in-depth review of the possible mechanisms in diabetes, ageing and frailty that will alter allow us to describe phenotypic changes which might assist in predicting responses to particular glucose-lowering therapy.

Results: Our review has enable us to describe with some confidence a sarcopenic obese phenotype and an anorexic malnourished phenotype.

Sarcopenic obesity as a determinant of cardiovascular disease risk in older people: a systematic review.

Background: Aging is associated with body composition changes that include a reduction of muscle mass or sarcopenia and an increase in visceral obesity. Thus, aging involves a muscle-fat imbalance with a shift toward more fat and less muscle. Therefore, sarcopenic obesity, defined as a combination of sarcopenia and obesity, is a global health phenomenon due to the increased aging of the population combined with the increased epidemic of obesity.

Dexamethasone and oxygen therapy in care home residents with diabetes: a management guide and algorithm for treatment: a rapid response action statement from the European Diabetes Working Party for Older People (EDWPOP) and European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS).

This statement addresses the need to provide clinically relevant and practical guidance for long-term care staff working in care homes and other stakeholders engaged in the care of residents who require consideration for dexamethasone and oxygen therapy. It had been provided following a series of consensus discussions between the EDWPOP and the EuGMS in January and February 2021. Its main aim is to minimise morbidity and mortality from serious acute illnesses including COVID-19 requiring these treatments within the long-term care sector.

Diabetes in COVID-19 pandemic-prevalence, patient characteristics and adverse outcomes.

Background: Current literature on COVID-19 pandemic has identified diabetes as a common comorbidity in patients affected. However, the evidence that diabetes increases the risk of infection, effect of diabetes on outcomes and characteristics of patients at risk is not clear.

Objectives: To explore the prevalence of diabetes in COVID-19 pandemic, effect of diabetes on clinical outcomes and to characterise the patients with diabetes affected by COVID-19.

Care for Older People with Dementia During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Older people living with dementia, who are likely frail with multiple comorbidities, appear particularly vulnerable to COVID-19. Care for older people with comorbid dementia and COVID-19 is a challenge to health care professionals due to their complex needs. COVID-19 is a respiratory disease which typically presents with respiratory symptoms; however, in older people with dementia, it may present atypically with delirium.

Clinical characteristics and progression of COVID-19 confirmed cases admitted to a single British clinical centre-A brief case series report.

Objectives: In December 2019, a pneumonia-like illness was first reported in Wuhan-China caused by a new coronavirus named corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which then spread to cause a global pandemic. Most of the available data in the literature is derived from Chinese cohorts and we aim to contribute the clinical experience of a single British clinical centre with the characteristics of a British cohort.

Design: A prospective case series.

Characteristics of patients with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19 infection-a brief case series report.

Objectives: Diabetes has been shown to be a risk factor for corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection. The characteristics of patients with diabetes vulnerable to this infection are less specified. We aim to present the characteristics of patients with diabetes admitted to hospital with COVID-19.