Exploration of California School Nurse perspectives on the impact of COVID-19.

Objective: To explore in a sample of school nurses (SN) in California the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on school nurse health services, how school nurses mitigated the impact of COVID-19, and moral distress levels among school nurses.

Design And Methods: Nineteen (N = 19) school nurses who work in K-12 schools in California, USA participated in a mixed-methods approach involving qualitative descriptive design, inductive content analysis, and descriptive statistics. Interviews were conducted in August and September 2021.

American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations for the Prevention of Pediatric ATV-Related Deaths and Injuries.

Since all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) were introduced in the mid-1970s, regulatory agencies, injury prevention researchers, and pediatricians have documented their dangers to youth. Major risk factors, crash mechanisms, and injury patterns for children and adolescents have been well characterized. Despite this knowledge, preventing pediatric ATV-related deaths and injuries has proven difficult and has had limited success.

Child passenger safety: direction, selection, location, installation.

The most significant risk factor for death and serious injury in a car crash is the failure to use a size-appropriate restraint system. Providing accurate car safety seat anticipatory guidance to families is the standard of care. Guiding families on the best car seat for best protection can be done with the four messages, direction, selection, location, and refer, if needed, to community resources for correct installation.

School transportation safety.

This policy statement replaces the previous version published in 1996. It provides new information, studies, regulations, and recommendations related to the safe transportation of children to and from school and school-related activities. Pediatricians can play an important role at the patient/family, community, state, and national levels as child advocates and consultants to schools and early education programs about transportation safety.

School bus-related injuries among children and teenagers in the United States, 2001-2003.

Objective: The purpose of this work was to describe the epidemiology of nonfatal school bus-related injuries among children and teenagers aged < or = 19 years in the United States.

Design/methods: Nationally representative data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All-Injury Program operated by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission were analyzed. Case subjects included all of the patients in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All-Injury Program database who were treated in a hospital emergency department for a nonfatal school bus-related injury from 2001 to 2003.

Development of a child safety seat Hassles Scale in a largely low-income Latino population.

Objective: High rates of use of child safety seats have been achieved. A remaining challenge in child passenger safety is to reach the Healthy People 2010 objective of child safety seat use to 100%. Several factors have been reported to influence child safety seat use.

Violators of a child passenger safety law.

Background: Nonuse of child car safety seats (CSSs) remains significant; in 2000, 47% of occupant fatalities among children <5 years of age involved unrestrained children. Nonusers and part-time users of CSSs represent small proportions of the US population that have not responded to intervention efforts. Our study examined the factors contributing to nonuse or part-time use of CSSs and the effects of exposure to a class for violators of the California Child Passenger Safety (CPS) law.

Cultural differences in young children's vulnerability to injuries: a risk and protection perspective.

Interview data from 100 lower income Hispanic and 50 White mothers from a nutritional service clinic extended prior research on cultural differences in the risk for unintentional pediatric injuries. Group differences were expected in reported injury incidence and in the prevalence and impact of contributing factors. As predicted, White mothers reported more injuries for a young child, and among Hispanic mothers, English language preference and use were associated with more reported injuries.

Rates of pediatric injuries by 3-month intervals for children 0 to 3 years of age.

Objective: Mortality and morbidity data on childhood injury are used to construct developmentally appropriate intervention strategies and to guide pediatric anticipatory counseling on injury prevention topics. Effective anticipatory guidance depends on detailed injury data showing how risks change as children develop. Conventional age groupings may be too broad to show the relationship between children's development and their risk of various causes of injury.

Child safety seat knowledge among parents utilizing emergency services in a level I trauma center in Southern California.

Objective: To determine the level of child safety seat (CSS) and airbag safety knowledge in parents who utilize emergency care services for their children and to determine factors that influence knowledge of safe transportation of children.

Methods: A prospective survey study was conducted in a 42 000-visit-per-year Level I trauma center and emergency department (ED) in Southern California from May through October 2000. Subjects were parents of ED-registered children (< or =6 years).

Exposure-based death rates for child motor vehicle occupants.

We used reports of additional occupants on trips from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey to estimate travel in cars and trucks for children age nine years and younger. For children age five to nine years these indirect estimates were 98% of directly reported travel. Using this travel data, the death rate was 4.

Analysis of fatalities in extended cab pickup trucks using an estimating equation method.

We compared the fatality risk for occupants of rear passenger seats in extended cab and crew cab pickup trucks to the fatality risk for front seat occupants of the same vehicles using the (US) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) for 1982-1997. A 10-digit truncated vehicle identification number was used to classify the pickup trucks. The data were analyzed with an estimating equation for data having few observations per stratum.

Rates of pediatric and adolescent injuries by year of age.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze causes of injury hospitalization/death by individual year of age and by specific causes of injury and to examine how well aggregate age groups represented individual year-of-age rates.

Methods: Hospital discharge data and death certificate data for California residents age 0 to 19 years with a principal external cause of injury code (E-code) of E800 to E869, E880 to E929, or E950 to E999, calendar year 1997, were analyzed. Annual rates of injury hospitalization/death by year of age were calculated using combined hospital discharges and deaths as the numerator for major causes and important subcategories.

Pickup truck use in the National Personal Transportation Survey.

To guide interventions to prevent injuries to pickup-truck occupants, we characterized pickup truck ownership, drivers and use in the 1995 National Personal Transportation Survey, which collects travel data from the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the US. SUDAAN software was used to account for the complex nature of the sample. Pickup truck ownership was more common in households with more vehicles, in rural households, in households living in single family homes and mobile homes, and in middle-income households.

Lawn mower-related injuries to children.

Lawn mower-related injuries to children are relatively common and can result in severe injury or death. Many amputations during childhood are caused by power mowers. Pediatricians have an important role as advocates and educators to promote the prevention of these injuries.

Injury in children of low-income Mexican, Mexican American, and non-Hispanic white mothers in the USA: a focused ethnography.

Several studies indicate that rates of serious pediatric injury are higher among Hispanics than among non-Hispanic whites in the USA. To investigate possible contributory factors, we interviewed 50 Mexican, 30 Mexican American, and 30 non-Hispanic white mothers in their own homes in the same low-income neighborhoods of Southern California. Mothers were identified via door-to-door canvassing in areas with high rates of pediatric injury.

Developing a model law restricting the transporting of passengers in the cargo areas of pickup trucks.

Pickup trucks have become increasingly popular in the United States, accounting for about one in five vehicles involved in fatal motor-vehicle crashes. A critical factor in these deaths is the practice of carrying passengers in truck cargo areas, which are not designed for this purpose. Each year approximately 200 deaths occur to occupants riding in the back of pickup trucks.

Fatalities to occupants of cargo areas of pickup trucks.

We sought to describe the fatalities to occupants of pickup truck cargo areas and to compare the mortality of cargo area occupants to passengers in the cab. From the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) files for 1987-1996, we identified occupants of pickup trucks with at least one fatality and at least one passenger in the cargo area. Outcomes of cargo area occupants and passengers in the cab were compared using estimating equations conditional on the crash and vehicle.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Transporting children with special health care needs.

Children with special health care needs should have access to proper resources for safe transportation. This statement reviews important considerations for transporting children with special health care needs and provides current guidelines for the protection of children with specific health care needs, including those with a tracheostomy, a spica cast, challenging behaviors, or muscle tone abnormalities as well as those transported in wheelchairs.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Safe transportation of newborns at hospital discharge.

All hospitals should set policies that require the discharge of every newborn in a car safety seat that is appropriate for the infant's maturity and medical condition. Discharge policies for newborns should include a parent education component, regular review of educational materials, and periodic in-service education for responsible staff. Appropriate child restraint systems should become a benefit of coverage by Medicaid, managed care organizations, and other third-party insurers.

Household poisoning exposure among children of Mexican-born mothers: an ethnographic study.

Objective: To explore reasons for high rates of unintentional poisoning among Latino children under 5 years old.

Design: Ethnographic interviews were carried out using a sample of mothers identified via door-to-door canvassing in an area with documented high injury rates among Latino children. Interviews included many open-ended and follow-up questions to elicit a detailed family history and emphasized observation of conditions and behaviors in the homes.

Differences between pickup truck and automobile driver-owners.

This study compares pickup truck driver-owners and drivers who owned only automobiles with respect to demographic factors, conditions of use, risk-taking driving behavior, prior driving history and attitudes towards motor vehicle laws. A telephone survey conducted in Riverside County, CA determined that 36% of the households had a pickup truck. Pickup truck owners were primarily male, aged 30-39 years, married, reported lower restraint use and more risky driving behaviors, and had more traffic citations.

The hospital record of the injured child and the need for external cause-of-injury codes. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention, 1998-1999.

Proper record-keeping of emergency department visits and hospitalizations of injured children is vital for appropriate patient management. Determination and documentation of the circumstances surrounding the injury event are essential. This information not only is the basis for preventive counseling, but also provides clues about how similar injuries in other youth can be avoided.