Guidelines of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Pediatric Section of Diabetes Poland on insulin therapy using hybrid closed-loop systems in children and adolescents with diabetes in Poland.

Currently, hybrid closed loop (HCL) systems represent the most advantageous therapeutic option for people with diabetes requiring intensive insulin therapy. They make it possible to achieve optimal metabolic control of the disease in any age group while improving the quality of life of children and adolescents with diabetes and their families. Therefore, we present recommendations for the use of HCL systems in children and adolescents focusing on systems currently available in Poland.

New Markers of Early Kidney Damage in Children and Adolescents with Simple Obesity.

The impact of obesity on kidney injury and the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well documented. Unfortunately, the early stages of CKD are asymptomatic, leading to a delayed diagnosis and a worse prognosis. There is a need for more sensitive indicators of kidney damage than those currently used.

Transient severe hypotonic hyponatraemia in children - presentation of three cases.

Hyponatraemia, defined as sodium concentration below 135 mmol/l, is one of the most common electrolyte imbalances. Differential diagnosis of hyponatraemia is difficult. We describe 3 cases of children with transient, severe hyponatraemia (< 125 mmol/l).

Clinical heterogeneity of polish patients with KAT6B-related disorder.

Background: Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson (SBBYSS) variant of Ohdo syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant and clinically heterogenous disorder, caused by pathogenic variants in the KAT6B gene located on chromosome 10q22.2. KAT6B encodes a highly conserved histone acetyltransferase belonging to the MYST family.

Foot drop in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: three case reports.

Summary: The etiology of foot drop is diverse from various diseases to mechanic injuries and includes neuropathy of the peroneal nerve. Peroneal neuropathy might also be one of the forms of diabetic neuropathy, very rarely reported as the first sign of diabetes. We describe three cases of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (TID) who developed unilateral peroneal nerve palsies and tibial nerve palsies, presenting clinically as a foot drop.

Weight gain in type 1 diabetes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Does lockdown affect the metabolic control of pediatric patients?

Background And Aims: Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, governments of many countries decided to implement lockdowns, which included school closures. This major lifestyle change also applied to people with diabetes. The aim of this paper was to analyze how the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions influenced the metabolic compensation of diabetes in the pediatric population.

Prevalence of haplotype DQ2/DQ8 and celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes.

Unlabelled: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) coexist very often. Identification of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8 can confirm the genetic predisposition to CD. Negative result of this test allows to exclude CD with a high probability.

Diabetic ketoacidosis incidence among children with new-onset type 1 diabetes in Poland and its association with COVID-19 outbreak-Two-year cross-sectional national observation by PolPeDiab Study Group.

Background: There are several observations that the onset of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an increase in the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). However, due to heterogeneity in study designs and country-specific healthcare policies, more national-level evidence is needed to provide generalizable conclusions.

Objective: To compare the rate of DKA in Polish children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) between the first year of COVID-19 pandemic (15 March 2020 to 15 March 2021) and the preceding year (15 March 2019 to 15 March 2020).

Clinical evaluation of 31 children with pituitary insufficiency in the course of the pituitary stalk interruption syndrome. The unexpected growth without growth hormone in 2 children.

Introduction: The pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is one of the complex -forms of congenital pituitary insufficiency. Symptoms resulting from insufficiency of the pituitary gland, in spite of the inborn character of the disease, may appear at various stages of life. The aim of this paper was to present clinical presentation in 31 patients with PSIS confirmed radiologically.

To increase body height and muscle strength - one medicine for two diseases? Case report of a boy with Silver-Russell syndrome and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The coexistence of 2 genetic diseases can mutually modify their course. We describe the case of a 10-year-old boy with Sliver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The patient's short stature, which is part of the clinical picture of both diseases, has been additionally aggravated by the steroid therapy, which is necessary to delay the progression of DMD.

Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Function in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetic kidney disease belongs to the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Here, hyperglycaemia is a key metabolic factor that causes endothelial dysfunction and vascular changes within the renal glomerulus. The aim of the present study was to assess the function of the vascular endothelium in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) by measuring selected endothelial lesion markers in blood serum.

Soluble Klotho Is Decreased in Children With Type 1 Diabetes and Correlated With Metabolic Control.

Unlabelled: Klotho concentration may be considered as a prognostic factor in the development of chronic complications of diabetes. Moreover, decrease in sKlotho concentration may contribute to beta cell apoptosis and type 1 diabetes development. The aim of this study was to evaluate if sKlotho protein concentration in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its correlation with classical risk factors of chronic complications of diabetes: dysglycemia and endothelial dysfunction.

Disturbances in the intraventricular conduction system in teenagers with type 1 diabetes. A pilot study.

Unlabelled: Body Surface Potential Mapping (BSPM) is a multi-electrode synchronous method for examining electrocardiographic records on the patients' body surface that allows the assessment of changes in the heart conduction system. The aim of the study was to visualize and evaluate changes in the intraventricular system in adolescents with T1D.

Patients And Methods: Inclusion criteria: age > 12 years, T1D duration >3 years, HbA1c >8%.

Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Does lockdown affect the incidence and clinical status of patients?

Background: Currently, the only effective method to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is social distancing. The lockdown measures during the epidemic may have an impact on the presentation of diabetes and may disturb metabolic control.

Objectives: In order to address the hypothesis that the COVID-19 lockdown affected the incidence rate (IR) of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the pediatric population of Lower Silesia and the patients' clinical status, the incidence of T1D during the COVID-19 pandemic was analyzed.

Acute hypoxic hepatitis as a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis in a boy with newly diagnosed diabetes.

Introduction: Hypoxic hepatitis is characterised by centrilobular liver cell necrosis associated with a rapid and transient increase in serum aminotransferase levels (ALT, AST) in critically ill patients. The aim of this paper is to present a case report of a paediatric patient with severe ketoacidosis in the course of newly diagnosed diabetes types 1 complicated by hypoxic hepatitis.

Case Report: A boy, nearly three years old, was admitted to the hospital with ketoacidosis (pH - 7.

Itch in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is reported to be one of the most common medical conditions in school-age youth and is ranked third in the prevalence of pediatric conditions. Only a few studies have investigated the occurrence of itch in diabetes mellitus, reporting conflicting data. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of itch in T1D to provide itch characteristics and to explore the potential underlying causes.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) as the first manifestationof type 2 diabetes in a child.

Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) may occur in young patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and in infants with hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state is characterised by extremely high glucose concentration, which, by increasing osmotic diuresis, intensifies dehydration. Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state criteria include the following: plasma glucose > 600 mg/dl, venous pH > 7.

Comparison of the prevalence of incidental and non-incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma during 2008-2016: a single-center experience.

Background: The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is increasing; however, it is not clear whether this reflects an increase in the incidence of incidental or in that of non-incidentally (presurgically) discovered PTMC (IPTMC vs. NIPTMC). We assessed the incidence of IPTMC and NIPTMC over the past 9 years, to discern whether the increase in PTMC incidence is due to improved diagnostics or to a real increase in the incidence.

[Chemerin as an early marker of metabolic syndrome].

Chemerin (CHEM) is a protein synthesized primarily by adiposse tissue and liver. CHEM acts both paracrine and autocrine, stimulating adipocytes maturation and differentiation. In addition to its hormonal function, CHEM acts as a chemoattractant for immune cells, regulating the innate and acquired inflammatory response.

Metabolic disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex disease. Depending on the used criteria the prevalence of PCOS ranges from 6 to 20%. It is necessary to exclude diseases leading to androgen excess.

Should the Prevalence of Incidental Thyroid Cancer Determine the Extent of Surgery in Multinodular Goiter?

Background: The most appropriate surgical procedure for multinodular goiter (MNG) remains under debate. Incidental thyroid carcinoma (ITC) is often identified on histopathological examination after thyroidectomy performed for presumed benign MNG.

Aim Of The Study: The aim of the study was to determine the value of radical surgery for MNG patients considering the prevalence of ITC diagnosed postoperatively.

Abnormal Distribution of Gamma-Delta T Lymphocytes and Their Subsets in Type 1 Diabetes.

Background: It was assumed that T γδ lymphocytes (T γδ) are involved in the autoimmune destruction of beta cells, presumably as regulatory cells.

Objectives: The aim of this paper was to investigate T γδ cells mean percentage (%) in peripheral blood in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) at the time of diagnosis and after twelve months of observation.

Material And Methods: A total of 41 patients (21 boys, 51.

Multi- and Unifocal Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Are There Any Differences?

Background: Thyroid microcarcinoma (TMC) often occurs as two or more separate foci, therefore a completion of primary surgery might be necessary.

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the incidence, diagnostic accuracy, clinicopathological characteristics and surgical treatment of unifocal and multifocal thyroid microcarcinoma (UTMC vs. MTMC).