The Normal Weight Obesity (NWO) Problem-Prevalence and Time Changes in Children and Adolescents From Kraków (Poland).

Objectives: Normal weight obesity can be associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, systemic inflammation and mortality. The main aim of the study was to analyze the changes in the prevalence of normal weight obesity in 8-18-year-olds from Kraków (Poland) between 2010 and 2020.

Methods: The study was based on two sets of cross-sectional, school-based data obtained in 2010 and 2020.

Changes in physical fitness and body build of women and men surveyed in 2004 and 2022-A longitudinal study.

Physical fitness plays a crucial role in determining human health and overall well-being. The objective of the study was to assess the changes in body structure and physical fitness among individuals examined in 2004 and 2022 (persons aged 32-34 and 50-52). The research material consists of data from the Krakow Continuous Study (KCS) of somatic development and physical fitness of people born in 1970 and 1972, conducted in Krakow in the years 1976-2022.

Sexual dimorphism of adiposity and fat distribution among children and adolescents (8-18 year olds) from Poland.

Objectives: The study aimed to analyze the sexual dimorphism of total body fat [BF%] and fat distribution among 8-18 year olds from Poland.

Methods: The study included 2175 participants, divided into sex and age groups. Waist and hip circumferences, the thickness of six skinfolds, waist-to-hips ratio [WHR], the ratio of abdominal-to-suprailiac skinfolds, and the limb-to-trunk adiposity index were analyzed.

Association between physical fitness and normal weight obesity in children and adolescents from Poland.

Objectives: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as elevated adiposity, despite normal body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to compare the results of selected fitness parameters in Polish children and adolescents from Poland with and without normal weight obesity.

Methods: The study was cross-sectional and school-based.

Intergenerational changes in selected cranial measurements of adolescents from Poland from 1938 to 2020.

Changes in the environment in which a particular population develops, including socio-economic factors, can influence craniofacial dimensions over time. The study aimed to investigate intergenerational changes in selected cranial measurements of adolescents (16-18 years of age) from Kraków, Poland. The analysis was based on the anthropometric measurements of four cohorts (years 1938, 1950, 2007 and 2020) of adolescents aged 16-18.

Intergenerational Changes in the Waist Circumference and Selected Associated Indicators among Children and Adolescents from Kraków (Poland), between 1983 and 2020.

The aim of the study was to examine the direction of the secular changes in the waist and hips circumferences, as well as selected associated body proportions, among children and adolescents from Kraków, Poland. The study group included 8-18-year-olds examined in three cross-sectional studies (1983, 2010, and 2020). The analyzed characteristics included body height, circumferences of the waist and hips, which were used to calculate Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR).

Changes in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity and excessive adiposity among adolescents from Kraków (Poland) in the years 1983-2020.

Objectives: Improved living conditions affect lifestyles and may contribute to the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents. The aim of the study was to analyze changes in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, obesity as well as excessive adiposity among teenagers from Kraków (Poland).

Methods: The study was conducted in four series in the years: 1983, 2000, 2010, and 2020.

Time trends (2010-2020) in skinfolds thickness in children and adolescents, with different BMI status, from Kraków (Poland).

To analyse secular changes (2010-2020) in skinfold thickness in children and adolescents in different BMI categories. The study group consisted of 3-16-year olds included in two cross-sectional studies. Measurements included height, weight and 5 skinfolds.

Analysis of secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents (8-18 years) from Kraków (Poland) between 2010 and 2020.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the changes of the motor skills of children and adolescents from Kraków between 2010 and 2020.

Methods: The group included 4106 children and adolescents (8-18 years of age). The analysis of changes included results of the following fitness tests: backwards overhead medicine ball throw, standing broad jump, dynamometric strength of the hand, flexibility test, as well as shuttle run (10 × 5 m).

Secular changes of foot dimensions among children and adolescents (3-18 years of age).

The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in the foot dimensions in children and adolescents (3-18 years of age) from Krakow (Poland), between the years 2010 and 2020. The examined group of children and adolescents (3-18-year olds) took part in two cross-sectional surveys carried out in 2010 and 2020. The cohort examined in 2010 consisted of 1,989 females and 1,893 males and the 2020 series included 1,702 females and 1,584 males.

Associations of anthropometric cardiometabolic risk factors and leg fat accumulation in children and adolescents from Poland.

Objectives: To analyze the correlation between anthropometric cardiometabolic risk factors with calf adiposity in 4-16-year-olds from Poland.

Methods: Three thousand seventy-six persons (1568 girls and 1508 boys) were examined. Analyzed characteristics included body height, waist, hips and neck circumferences, body weight, six skinfolds.

Body height, weight, and Body Mass Index - magnitude and pace of secular changes in children and adolescents from Kraków (Poland) between 1983 and 2020.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence and pace of secular trends regarding body height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) among children and adolescents from Kraków (Poland) examined in 1983, 2000, 2010, and 2020.

Methods: The study group consisted of 17 407 individuals (8650 girls and 8757 boys) aged 3-18 included in four cross-sectional studies conducted in 1983, 2000, 2010, and 2020.Analyzed anthropometric characteristics included body height (measured according to Martin's technique, with an anthropometer) and body weight.

Changes in the adiposity level and prevalence of overweight/obesity among children from Kraków (Poland) within the last decade (from 2010 to 2020).

The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and high adiposity in children and adolescents from Krakow (Poland), between the years 2010 and 2020. Two cross-sectional series of anthropometric measurements were carried out in 2010 and 2020. Analysed characteristics included: body height and weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), body adiposity (%BF).

Secular changes in the waist, hips circumferences and selected associated indicators, among preschool children from Kraków (Poland), between 1983 and 2018.

Objectives: Waist circumference and derived indicators are great for measuring the risk of abdominal obesity. The main aim of the study was to assess the changes in the waist, hips circumferences and selected associated indicators, among preschool children (3-7 years of age) from Kraków, Poland, between 1983, 2008 and 2018.

Methods: The research was conducted in randomly selected kindergarten in Krakow (Poland).

The impact of neonatal parameters and parental factors on body fat level in early childhood.

Parental and pregnancy characteristics can affect proportions and tissue composition of the child's bodyand thereforecan influence their present and future health, as well as overall wellbeing. The aim of this study was to examine the differences between selected parental and birth-related parameters among preschool (3-7 years of age) children of varying adiposity status (n=541 girls and n=571 boys).The research was carried out in 20 randomly selected kindergartens in Krakow (Poland).

Skeletal and muscular robustness and physical fitness of Polish children and adolescents (3-18 years) with normal weight and overweight/obesity.

Individuals with excess body mass are usually characterised by a more robust skeleton and greater muscle mass than their leaner counterparts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal robustness, bone and muscle mass as well as physical fitness of Polish children and adolescents with and without excess body mass. The study group consisted of 3292 individuals (1705 girls and 1587 boys).

Body composition of children with different gestation time.

Objectives: To examine the differences in body composition between prepubescent children, depending on the time of gestation.

Methods: The study was conducted among children aged 3-10 years. The thickness of 5 (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, calf) skinfolds, mid-upper arm circumference, body height, weight and femur breadth was measured.

Social inequalities in obesity and overweight: secular changes in Poland between 1983 and 2020.

Background: Human development is strongly influenced by environmental factors, including the socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of excess body weight among Polish children and adolescents from families of varying SES examined in 1983 and 2020.

Methods: The study group included 3-15-year olds from two cross-sectional surveys (1983 and 2020) conducted in kindergartens and schools.

The impact of lifestyle and socioeconomic parameters on body fat level in early childhood.

The aim of this study was to examine the differences between selected lifestyle and socioeconomic parameters among preschool (3-7 years of age) children of differing adiposity status. The study was conducted from February to June 2018 in 20 randomly selected kindergartens in Kraków, Poland. Triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and calf skinfold thicknesses were measured.

Body fat percentage estimation in children - searching for the most accurate equation.

Analysis of body composition is a very important issue, and it is often used as one of the crucial markers of overall health. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the percentage of body fat ratio estimated using selected equations and adiposity obtained by bioimpedance in 7-16-year-olds from Kraków (Poland). The study included 1887 children and adolescents.

Changes in adiposity and fat tissue distribution among preschool children from Kraków, Poland, from 2008 to 2018.

In the light of changes in the living conditions of populations, excess adiposity is currently a serious public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the body fat ratio among preschool children aged 3-7 years from Kraków, Poland, between 2008 and 2018. The study group consisted of children examined in two cross-sectional studies.

Sexual dimorphism of body proportions and composition among 16-19-year-olds from South Asia (India) and Central Europe (Poland).

The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual dimorphism of body proportions and body composition among 16-19-year-olds from South Asia (India) and Central Europe (Poland). The study group consisted of the results of anthropometric measurements of 2008 youths (16-19-year-olds). 1098 of them came from Kolkata (India) and 910 from Kraków (Poland).

Changes in Physical Fitness Among Preschool Children From Kraków (Poland) From 2008 to 2018.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the secular changes of the physical fitness of preschool children from Kraków, Poland between 2008 and 2018.

Methods: The study group consisted of 2143 children (3- to 7-y-olds; 2008 cohort included 1037 children and the 2018 cohort included 1106 children). The following physical fitness tests were carried out: overhead medicine ball throw, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach test, and handgrip strength.

Changes in the prevalence of overweight/obesity and adiposity among pre-school children in Kraków, Poland, from 2008 to 2018.

Socioeconomic changes occurring over time influence the lifestyle choices of a population, and these can significantly affect children's body weight and composition. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in prevalence of overweight, obesity and adiposity in pre-school children in Poland between 2008 and 2018. Body height, body weight and subscapular and triceps skinfolds were measured in 2167 children aged 3-7 years from Kraków.

BMI and adiposity based approach to obesity: the need for ethnic specificity. A reply to Kapoor et al. (2019).

The ethnicity of the studied group is one of the key characteristics that should be taken into consideration when analysing the problem of overweight and obesity. It is especially crucial in populations of countries such as India, where the proportion of the fat to lean mass and general adiposity are significantly different from those observed among Europeans. This can cause a higher risk of various metabolic-related diseases to appear at relatively lower absolute adiposity.