Role of the Carhart Effect and Outcomes from Surgery: A Retrospective Study of 532 Patients with Conductive Hearing Loss Due to Otosclerosis, Otitis Media with Effusion, and Chronic Otitis Media.

BACKGROUND The Carhart effect consists of a reduction in bone conduction thresholds associated with conductive hearing loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the Carhart effect in predicting outcomes from surgery in 3 age groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 532 patients with conductive hearing loss due to otosclerosis, otitis media with effusion, and chronic otitis media who underwent surgery between 2010 and 2020.

The influence of aging of the hearing system on the variability of the Carhart effect in middle ear diseases.

<b>Introduction:</b> In the course of middle ear diseases, a disturbed influence of the system transmitting sound through the middle ear on the function of the inner ear is observed. The audiometric consequence of the disease process taking place in the middle ear is the shift in bone conduction (BC) thresholds, which is called pseudoperceptive hearing loss (the so-called Carhart effect). The natural process of aging of the hearing system (age-related hearing loss) means that the manifestation of the Carhart effect varies in different age groups.

Effect of stapes demineralisation on the development of cochlear otosclerosis.

Objective: The involvement of the inner ear in otosclerosis may lead to the development of cochlear otosclerosis. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in the chemical composition and microstructure of the stapes in the course of otosclerosis compared to healthy stapes.

Materials And Methods: This analysis included 31 patients with otosclerosis and 9 patients without otosclerosis.

Impact of Otosclerosis on Auditory Ossicle Remodeling: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Stapes Head Overloads.

BACKGROUND Otosclerosis is a pathology that interferes with the conduction of vibrations to the inner ear, triggering changes in the auditory ossicles and their associated joints due to mechanical overload. This study primarily aims to evaluate these overload-induced modifications in the stapes head resulting from the immobilization of the base of the third auditory ossicle in otosclerosis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a comparative analysis of patients undergoing their first surgery for otosclerosis.

Audiometric Variability of the Carhart Effect in Middle Ear Diseases - Pretreatment Analysis.

Objective: The assessment of bone conduction thresholds in patients with conductive hearing loss is not a full measure of the function of the inner ear due to the weakening of the influence of middle ear components on bone conduction. This relationship has been called the 'Carhart effect'.

Methods: The retrospective analysis covered 977 patients diagnosed and treated for middle ear diseases from 2010 to 2020.

The Variability of function of the Eustachian tube in patients with chronic sinusitis.

BackgroundThe Eustachian tube is a complex and inaccessible structure, which is responsible for the ventilation of the middle ear. The aim of the study was the assessment of an impact of chronic sinusitis on the auditory tube function. MethodsThe prospective analysis of 84 surgically treated chronic sinusitis patients was carried out.

Retrospective Study of 157 Patients with Otosclerosis to Evaluate Association Between Carhart Notch on the Preoperative Bone-Conduction Audiogram and Postoperative Hearing and Balance Evaluated by the Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living Scale.

BACKGROUND A Carhart notch in the pure tone audiogram can be an indicator of stapes fixation in otosclerosis. This retrospective study of 157 patients with otosclerosis aimed to evaluate the association between the presence of a Carhart notch on the preoperative bone-conduction audiogram and postoperative hearing and balance evaluated by the Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living scale. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with suspected otosclerosis based on medical history and audiometric tests were considered.

Hearing Improvement in the Patients Operated on Otosclerosis by Right-Handed Surgeons.

Background: Otosclerosis is a disease of the osseous labyrinth. The disease causes 5% to 9% of all cases of hearing loss and 18% to 22% of conductive hearing loss. The treatment of choice is a surgery.

Otosclerosis - analysis of factors influencing the improvement of hearing after surgical treatment.

<b>Introduction:</b> Otosclerosis is a disease that occurs only in humans, in the course of which there are foci of pathological ossification in the temporal bone. The etiology of the dise ase is not fully understood. Treatment of the conductive component of hearing loss is surgical.

The Audiometric Assessment of the Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment of Otosclerosis Depending on the Preoperative Incidence of Carhart's Notch.

The presence of Carhart's notch at 2000 Hz in otosclerosis links the changed bone conduction for this frequency with the otosclerotic process occurring in the oval window. The aim of this study is to perform an audiometric assessment of the effectiveness of surgical treatment of otosclerosis depending on the incidence of Carhart's notch. The analysis included 116 patients treated surgically for the first time due to otosclerosis.

Pattern of cholesteatomas under a scanning electron microscope - a risk factor for bone resorption.

Objective: The damaging effect of cholesteatomas presents mainly as bone resorption by osteoclasts located in the space between the bone and perimatrix. This process is initiated by the molecular cascade of osteoclast differentiation factors. The aim of the study is to analyse cholesteatoma microstructures via scanning electron microscope (SEM), and associate them with risk and grade of bone erosion.

Association Between Postoperative Vertigo and Hearing Outcomes After Stapes Surgery for Otosclerosis.

Objective: During the postoperative period, most patients with otosclerosis report vertigo and/or nausea caused by interventions within the inner ear. The aim of this study was to evaluate both early and late vertigo associated with hearing improvement after stapes surgery for otosclerosis.

Methods: The analysis included 170 patients admitted to the hospital undergoing their first surgery for otosclerosis.

Chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media with granulation by scanning electron microscopy based on analysis of 140 patients.

Objectives Chronic purulent cholesteatoma of the middle ear, as well as to a lesser extent chronic granulomatous otitis media, lead to destruction of bone structures within the middle ear space. Above process is controlled by the OPG/RANKL/RANK system. Material and methods An analysis of 140 patients operated on due to chronic otitis media was performed.

Impact of surgery in otosclerosis on the non-operated ear.

Backgrounds Otosclerosis is an underlying disease of the bony labyrinth. The hearing loss is most often of conductive nature, in some cases the involvement of the bony part of the cochlea results in mixed hearing loss. Aims: The aim of the analysis was to answer the question whether a surgery on one of the ears affects the state of the other ear in the course of otosclerosis.

Biomaterials in the Reconstruction of Nasal Septum Perforation.

Introduction: Septal perforations are among the most common craniofacial defects. The causes of septal perforations are varied.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a septal cartilage implant biomaterial for use in the reconstruction of nasal septal perforations and prepare personalized implants for each patient individually using 3D printing technology.

Influence of Changes in Bone-Conduction Thresholds on Speech Audiometry in Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Otosclerosis.

Objectives: Otosclerosis is an underlying disease of the bony labyrinth that results in hearing loss. In some cases, the involvement of the bony part of the cochlea results in mixed hearing loss. The aim of this analysis was to seek a correlation between the results of speech audiometry tests and the changes in bone-conduction thresholds observed after surgical treatment.

Auditory ossicles in ScanningElectron Microscopy.

<b>Introduction: </b>Knowledge about the physiology of a healthy middle ear is essential for understanding the activity and mechanics of the ear as well as the basics of ossiculoplasty. Trauma of the epithelial lining of the tympanic cavity as well as the ossicular chain may be the result of chronic inflammation and surgery. Depending on the observed changes of the middle ear lining, there are several types of distinguished chronic inflammatory changes: simple, with cholesteatoma, with the formation of inflammatory granulation tissue, in course of specific diseases.

Patterns of Bone Damage in Patients With Chronic Middle Ear Inflammation.

Background: Despite different etiologies, chronic otitis media involves the damaging and restructuring of bone tissue. The inflammatory process destroys elements of the ossicular chain, and bone lesions may appear that allow the development of otogenous complications.

Aims/objectives: A correlation between the degree of damage to the ossicular chain as well as the bony walls of the middle ear and the type of chronic inflammatory lesions was sought.

Rehabilitation after surgical treatment of retrobulbar tumors.

The authors propose a set of rehabilitation exercises concerning the muscles which are responsible for movement of the eyeball. After surgical treatments of retrobulbar tumors, the function of the eyeball muscles is often inadequate. Some compensation should be created at the level of the central nervous system, which means trigging adaptation, substitution and habituation.

Unfavourable prognostic factors in patients treated surgically for otosclerosis.

Otosclerosis is the cause of between 5% and 9% of all deafness cases and between 18% and 22% of conductive hearing loss cases. Neurosensory deafness develops in 30% of patients with otosclerosis. The aim was to seek a correlation that would reflect the dependence of the results of middle ear surgery on the type of abnormalities atypical of otosclerosis but found during the stapedotomy surgery.

The effect of preserved stapedial superstructure on hearing improvement.

Introduction: Ossiculoplasty can be carried out in a number of ways, depending on the anatomical and functional conditions encountered during otosurgery and the experience of a given centre. The extent of damage to the ossicular chain determines the reconstruction method.

Aim: The objective of the study was to analyse treatment effects in terms of postoperative hearing improvement in patients with chronic otitis media, with a particular emphasis on stapedial superstructure preservation.

Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Evaluation of Defects to the Ossicular Chain in the Course of Chronic Otitis Media.

Objective: Chronic otitis media is a heterogeneous disorder. Chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma and, to a lesser extent, chronic otitis media with granulation lead to the destruction of bone structures within the middle ear. Bone loss may appear in the prominence of the horizontal semicircular canals and the bony canal of the facial nerve.

Carhart Notch-A Prognostic Factor in Surgery for Otosclerosis.

Objective: Otosclerosis is an underlying disease of the bony labyrinth. This disorder, occurring only within the area of a person's temporal bone, is characterized by a progressive hearing loss and tinnitus.

Material And Methods: The study looked for the answer to the question of whether the presence or absence of Carhart notch in the presurgical tonal audiogram affects the final outcome of the otosclerosis surgery.

A Biochemical Analysis of the Stapes.

BACKGROUND Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the bony labyrinth. In the course of otosclerosis, abnormal resorption and recalcification of the endochondral layer of the temporal bone is observed. The otosclerotic process most commonly develops in the anterior part of the oval window.

Chronic Otitis Media with Granulation Is a Poor Prognostic Factor for Hearing Improvement and Development of Intracranial Complications.

Objectives: Different types of chronic otitis media are distinguished based on the observed lesions in the middle ear mucous. Hearing improvement is a measurable effect of the surgical treatment of patients with chronic otitis media. Chronic cholesteatoma otitis media and chronic otitis media with inflammatory granulation have a tendency to damage the bone tissue, leading to the development of intratemporal and intracranial complications.