Vitamin D Supplementation Guidelines for General Population and Groups at Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency in Poland-Recommendations of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Expert Panel With Participation of National Specialist Consultants and Representatives of Scientific Societies-2018 Update.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is an important public health problem worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency confers a significant risk for both skeletal and non-skeletal disorders and a number of lifelong negative health outcomes. The objectives of this evidence-based guidelines document are to provide health care professionals in Poland, an updated recommendation for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.

Recurrent fractures as a new skeletal problem in the course of Angelman syndrome.

Angelman syndrome is a genetically inherited syndrome with severe retardation of psychomotor development and speech disturbances, usually accompanied by epilepsy, typical dysmorphic features, and some skeletal symptoms. The aim of the current report is to present new skeletal symptoms which may occur in the course of AS, based on a case report of an 8-year-old girl with confirmed 15q11;12 microdeletion and recurrent low-trauma bone fractures. According to our knowledge it is the first report of such skeletal symptoms in patient with a diagnosis of AS.

[Brittle bone disease type III in neonates--own experience].

Unlabelled: Fractures of long bone and ribs in the neonatal period may be expression of genetic disturbances of collagen type I production. The aim of the study was to present clinical symptoms, results of radiological, biochemical and densitometric examinations in 11 newborns with osteogenesis imperfecta type III.

Methods: In all children accurate medical history, clinical examination and radiograph were performed.

Proteomic analysis of plasma profiles in children with recurrent bone fractures.

Unlabelled: The aim of the study is proteomic analysis of the plasma profile in children with recurrent bone fractures. The study involved 16 children: 6 patients with recurrent low-energy fractures and normal bone mass and 10 with osteogenesis imperfecta. In the analysis of the protein profile, the two-dimensional protein electrophoresis was used (Ettan DALT II, Amersham Bioscience).

[The vitamin D and calcium consumption and bone quality in children of łódŹ (Poland) at the age 9-13 years].

Introduction: Only few publications concern the influence of the vitamin D and calcium consumption on the bone mineralization in the developmental age.

Aim Of The Study: The aim of the study was the analysis of the vitamin D and calcium diet supply in relation to the bone status assessed with Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) in growing children.

Material And Methods: The study comprised 643 pupils (384 girls and 259 boys) at the age 9-13 years from primary schools in łódŹ.

Evaluation of bone mineral density and bone metabolism in children with multiple bone fractures.

Background: The aim of the study was to carry out a comprehensive analysis of determinants of multiple bone fractures in children with regard to densitometric indices and markers of bone metabolism.

Material And Methods: The study involved 112 children aged 5-18 years, including 81 patients with a history of at least 3 bone fractures and 31 healthy patients in a control group. Total body and spinal DXA densitometry of the skeleton (DPX-L apparatus, Lunar) was carried out in all children.

Insulin-like growth factor-I and mineral metabolism markers in children with idiopathic decrease in bone mass.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether the serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) correlates with the mineral metabolism markers in children with idiopathic decrease in bone mass.

Patients And Methods: The study comprised 62 patients aged 6-18 years, including 42 with idiopathic decrease in bone mineral density (20 with osteoporosis and 22 with osteopenia) and 20 control children. Osteoporosis and osteopenia were diagnosed on the basis of complex clinical, densitometric and biochemical examinations (in all patients secondary causes of the decreased bone mass were excluded).

Evaluation of interleukin-1 and -6 in the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic osteoporosis and osteopenia in children.

Introduction: The aim of the study is to determine whether serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1and IL-6 correlate with indices of bone mineral metabolism in children with idiopathic osteoporosis and osteopenia.

Material/methods: The study comprised 62 patients aged 6-18 years (20 with idiopathic osteoporosis, 22 with idiopathic osteopenia, and 20 controls). In 10 children, investigations were repeated after one year of treatment.

[Current views on the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic osteoporosis and osteopenia in the developmental period].

The paper presents current literature review on the clinical features and possible etiopathogenetic factors in idiopathic osteoporosis and osteopenia in children and adolescents. Genetic and environmental factors determining bone mass growth are included. The effect of cytokines and hormones in the regulation of bone remodelling has been discussed in detail.

[Treatment of osteoporosis and osteopenia in children--own experience].

Osteoporosis and osteopenia diagnosed in developmental age require special treatment with careful consideration of indications for particular drugs, their dosage and monitoring of treatment. The classical method, similarly as in adults, is administration of calcium and vitamin D, physical rehabilitation, treatment of fractures and pain release. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of combined therapy of decreased bone mineralization in 45 children (28 boys and 17 girls) aged 6.