TXNIP inhibition in the treatment of diabetes. Verapamil as a novel therapeutic modality in diabetic patients.

Loss of pancreatic β-cell is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and it also occurs in type 2. TXNIP (), also known as vitamin D3-upregulated protein 1, or thioredoxin-binding-protein-2, regulates this process and modulates cellular redox balance. TXNIP is localized primarily in the nucleus, but under oxidative stress it moves to mitochondria, where it interacts with mitochondrial thioredoxin 2.