Bisphenols in water: Occurrence, effects, and mitigation strategies.

Bisphenols (bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol AF (BPAF)) are widely used as additives in numerous industries and therefore they are ubiquitously present throughout the world's natural environment including water. A review of the literature is presented on their sources, pathways of entry into the environment, and especially aquatic contexts, their toxicity to humans and other organisms and the technologies for removing them from water. The treatment technologies used are mostly adsorption, biodegradation, advanced oxidation, coagulation, and membrane separation processes.

Treatment Trends and Combined Methods in Removing Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Wastewater-A Review.

When discharged into wastewater, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) become microorganic contaminants and are among the largest groups of emerging pollutants. Human, animal, and aquatic organisms' exposures to PPCPs have linked them to an array of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and reproductive toxicity risks. For this reason, various methods are being implemented to remove them from water bodies.