Multivariate Flexible Metal-Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Precise control of the void environment, achieved through multiple functional groups and enhanced by structural adaptations to guest molecules, stands at the forefront of scientific inquiry. Flexible multivariate open framework materials (OFMs), including covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks, meet these criteria and are expected to play a crucial role in gas storage and separation, pollutant removal, and catalysis. Nevertheless, there is a notable lack of critical evaluation of achievements in their chemistry and future prospects for their development or implementation.

Unveiling Temperature-Induced Structural Phase Transformations and CO Binding Sites in CALF-20.

The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration linked to climate change has created a need for new sorbents capable of separating CO from exhaust gases. Recently, an easily produced metal-organic framework, CALF-20, was shown to withstand over 450,000 adsorption/desorption cycles in steam and wet acid gases. Further development and industrial application of such materials require an understanding of the observed processes.

The gain-of-function mutation blf13 in the barley orthologue of the rice growth regulator NARROW LEAF1 is associated with increased leaf width.

Canopy architecture in cereals plays an important role in determining yield. Leaf width represents one key aspect of this canopy architecture. However, our understanding of leaf width control in cereals remains incomplete.

Dehydration of a crystal hydrate at subglacial temperatures.

Water is one of the most important substances on our planet. It is ubiquitous in its solid, liquid and vaporous states and all known biological systems depend on its unique chemical and physical properties. Moreover, many materials exist as water adducts, chief among which are crystal hydrates (a specific class of inclusion compound), which usually retain water indefinitely at subambient temperatures.

Shape-Memory Effect Triggered by π-π Interactions in a Flexible Terpyridine Metal-Organic Framework.

Shape-memory polymers and alloys are adaptable materials capable of reversing from a deformed, metastable phase to an energetically favored original phase in response to external stimuli. In the context of metal-organic frameworks, the term shape-memory is defined as the property of a switchable framework to stabilize the reopened pore phase after the first switching transition. Herein we describe a novel flexible terpyridine MOF which, upon desolvation, transforms into a nonporous structure that reopens into a shape-memory phase when exposed to CO at 195 K.

Symmetry-driven diastereoselective functionalization of simple trianglamine.

We have found that derivatization of the trianglamine macrocycle by aliphatic aldehydes leads selectively to one of the two possible diastereomeric aminal products. X-ray analysis, NMR measurements and DFT calculations pointed to the product possessing a higher symmetry.

Controlled, Sunlight-Driven Reversible Cycloaddition of Multiple Singlet Oxygen Molecules to Anthracene-Containing Trianglimine Macrocycles.

Controlled release of singlet oxygen is of interest not only to chemists, but also to biologists and medics involved in cancer therapy. Two chiral polyaza macrocyclic compounds and their corresponding endoperoxides have been synthesized. These peroxides exhibit high temperature stability, up to 80 °C.

Specific Noncovalent Association of Truncated -Functionalized Triangular Homochiral Isotrianglimines through Head-to-Head, Tail-to-Tail, and Honeycomb Supramolecular Motifs.

Chiral isotrianglimines were synthesized by the [3 + 3] cyclocondensation of (,)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with C5-substituted isophthalaldehyde derivatives. The substituent's steric and electronic demands and the guest molecules' nature have affected the conformation of individual macrocycles and their propensity to form supramolecular architectures. In the crystal, the formation of a honeycomb-like packing arrangement of the simplest isotrianglimine was promoted by the presence of toluene or -xylene molecules.

Whole Exome Sequencing-Based Identification of a Novel Gene Involved in Root Hair Development in Barley ( L.).

Root hairs play a crucial role in anchoring plants in soil, interaction with microorganisms and nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. In contrast to Arabidopsis, there is a limited knowledge of root hair morphogenesis in monocots, including barley ( L.).

Genetic and Physiological Dissection of Photosynthesis in Barley Exposed to Drought Stress.

Balanced photosynthesis under drought is essential for better survival and for agricultural benefits in terms of biomass and yield. Given the current attempts to improve the photosynthetic efficiency for greater crop yield, the explanation of the genetic basis of that process, together with the phenotypic analysis, is significant in terms of both basic studies and potential agricultural application. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to uncover the molecular basis of the photosynthesis process under drought stress in barley.

Insights into Barley Root Transcriptome under Mild Drought Stress with an Emphasis on Gene Expression Regulatory Mechanisms.

Root systems play a pivotal role in coupling with drought stress, which is accompanied with a substantial transcriptome rebuilding in the root tissues. Here, we present the results of global gene expression profiling of roots of two barley genotypes with contrasting abilities to cope with drought that were subjected to a mild level of the stress. We concentrate our analysis on gene expression regulation processes, which allowed the identification of 88 genes from 39 families involved in transcriptional regulation in roots upon mild drought.

Synthesis, structural studies and biological properties of some phosphono-perfluorophenylalanine derivatives formed by SAr reactions.

Several novel phosphono-perfluorophenylalanine derivatives, as mimetics of phenylalanine, were synthesized by subjecting diethyl (2-(perfluorophenyl)-1-(phenylamino)ethyl)-phosphonate to SAr reactions with different types of nucleophiles such as thiols, amines and phenols. The structure of the products was confirmed using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. For two compounds X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis and DFT investigations were performed providing information in regard to the preferable conformation, hydrogen bonds and other interactions.

Cytogenetic and molecular genotyping in the allotetraploid Festuca pratensis × Lolium perenne hybrids.

Background: Species of the Festuca and Lolium genera, as well as intergeneric Festuca × Lolium (Festulolium) hybrids, are valuable fodder and turf grasses for agricultural and amenity purposes worldwide. Festulolium hybrids can merge in their genomes agronomically important characteristics. However, in polyploid plants, especially in allopolyploids, the hybridization of divergent genomes could contribute to various abnormalities, such as variability in chromosome number, structural rearrangements, and/or disorders in inheritance patterns.

Forward Genetics Approach Reveals a Mutation in bHLH Transcription Factor-Encoding Gene as the Best Candidate for the Root Hairless Phenotype in Barley.

Root hairs are the part of root architecture contributing significantly to the root surface area. Their role is particularly substantial in maintaining plant growth under stress conditions, however, knowledge on mechanism of root hair differentiation is still limited for majority of crop species, including barley. Here, we report the results of a map-based identification of a candidate gene responsible for the lack of root epidermal cell differentiation, which results in the lack of root hairs in barley.

Sterically Crowded Trianglimines-Synthesis, Structure, Solid-State Self-Assembly, and Unexpected Chiroptical Properties.

The chiral, triangular-shape hexaimine macrocycles (trianglimines), bearing bulky alkynyl or aryl substituents were synthesized and studied by means of experimental and theoretical methods. The macrocyclization reactions are driven by the extraordinary stability of the trianglimine ring and provided products with high yields. Electrostatic repulsion between imine nitrogen atoms and the substituents forced an anti conformation of the aromatic linkers.

Prioritization of Candidate Genes in QTL Regions for Physiological and Biochemical Traits Underlying Drought Response in Barley ( L.).

Drought is one of the most adverse abiotic factors limiting growth and productivity of crops. Among them is barley, ranked fourth cereal worldwide in terms of harvested acreage and production. Plants have evolved various mechanisms to cope with water deficit at different biological levels, but there is an enormous challenge to decipher genes responsible for particular complex phenotypic traits, in order to develop drought tolerant crops.

A thermo-responsive structural switch and colossal anisotropic thermal expansion in a chiral organic solid.

Trianglimine, a chiral triangular-shaped hexaimine, exists in at least three apohost polymorphic forms. Form I had been previously obtained by crystallisation from a mixture of dichloromethane and acetonitrile and we have now crystallised Form II from acetone. Both forms possess similar packing arrangements, but Form II undergoes a reversible phase transition to Form III, as well as colossal anisotropic positive thermal expansion.

No Time to Waste: Transcriptome Study Reveals that Drought Tolerance in Barley May Be Attributed to Stressed-Like Expression Patterns that Exist before the Occurrence of Stress.

Plant survival in adverse environmental conditions requires a substantial change in the metabolism, which is reflected by the extensive transcriptome rebuilding upon the occurrence of the stress. Therefore, transcriptomic studies offer an insight into the mechanisms of plant stress responses. Here, we present the results of global gene expression profiling of roots and leaves of two barley genotypes with contrasting ability to cope with drought stress.

Root Hair Mutations Displace the Barley Rhizosphere Microbiota.

The rhizosphere, the thin layer of soil surrounding and influenced by plant roots, defines a distinct and selective microbial habitat compared to unplanted soil. The microbial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere, the rhizosphere microbiota, engage in interactions with their host plants which span from parasitism to mutualism. Therefore, the rhizosphere microbiota emerges as one of the determinants of yield potential in crops.

A Survey of Genetic Variation and Genome Evolution within the Invasive Fallopia Complex.

The knotweed taxa Fallopia japonica, F. sachalinensis and their interspecific hybrid F. × bohemica are some of the most aggressive invaders in Europe and North America and they are serious threats to native biodiversity.

Gene expression regulation in roots under drought.

Stress signalling and regulatory networks controlling expression of target genes are the basis of plant response to drought. Roots are the first organs exposed to water deficiency in the soil and are the place of drought sensing. Signalling cascades transfer chemical signals toward the shoot and initiate molecular responses that lead to the biochemical and morphological changes that allow plants to be protected against water loss and to tolerate stress conditions.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of the root hairs as environmental sensors to maintain plant functions under water-deficiency conditions.

An important part of the root system is the root hairs, which play a role in mineral and water uptake. Here, we present an analysis of the transcriptomic response to water deficiency of the wild-type (WT) barley cultivar 'Karat' and its root-hairless mutant rhl1.a.

Readily prepared inclusion forming chiral calixsalens.

Calixsalens, chiral triangular hexaimines are readily synthesized by [3 + 3] cyclocondensation of trans-(R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with 2-hydroxyisophthalaldehyde derivatives. The usually rigid calixsalen ring is able to invert its conformation as a consequence of steric repulsion between bulky substituents at the C5 positions of the aromatic rings. The steric and electronic nature of the substituents does not affect only the conformation of the macrocycle.