Longitudinal clinical and proteomic diabetes signatures in women with a history of gestational diabetes.

We characterized the longitudinal serum protein signatures of women 6 and 10 years after having gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to identify factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and prediabetes in this at-risk post-GDM population, aiming to discover potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prevention of T2D. Our study identified 75 T2D-associated serum proteins and 23 prediabetes-associated proteins, some of which were validated in an independent T2D cohort. Machine learning (ML) performed on the longitudinal proteomics highlighted protein signatures associated with progression to post-GDM diabetes.

Glucose tolerance two years after gestational diabetes classified by old Swedish or new WHO diagnostic criteria.

Aim: To explore how introduction of the lower WHO gestational diabetes (GDM) glucose criteria in Sweden affected prediabetes/type-2-diabetes (T2D) incidence two years postpartum.

Methods: Women included in the PREvention of PostPartum (PREPP) diabetes study were diagnosed with GDM according to EASD 1991 criteria (GDM; n = 93) or only WHO 2013 criteria (GDM; n = 174). Both groups were further stratified by BMI, and BMI-matched normoglycemic pregnancy controls were included (n = 88).

Interaction of Iron Homeostasis and Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Development of Glucose Intolerance in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

A gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis during pregnancy means an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. By following up with women after GDM we aimed to examine the relationship between iron parameters, individual fatty acids (FAs) and desaturases in the development of impaired glucose metabolism (IGM). Based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), six years after GDM, 157 women were grouped as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or IGM.

Validation of Oura ring energy expenditure and steps in laboratory and free-living.

Background: Commercial activity trackers are increasingly used in research and compared with research-based accelerometers are often less intrusive, cheaper, with improved storage and battery capacity, although typically less validated. The present study aimed to determine the validity of Oura Ring step-count and energy expenditure (EE) in both laboratory and free-living.

Methods: Oura Ring EE was compared against indirect calorimetry in the laboratory, followed by a 14-day free-living study with 32 participants wearing an Oura Ring and reference monitors (three accelerometers positioned at hip, thigh, and wrist, and pedometer) to evaluate Oura EE variables and step count.

Exercise, aerobic fitness, and muscle strength in relation to glucose tolerance 6 to 10 years after gestational diabetes.

Aims: We sought to identify self-reported exercise and objectively measured fitness variables associated with glucose tolerance and metabolic health 6-10 years after gestational diabetes (GDM) METHODS: Women (n = 84) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), body composition measurements, and lifestyle questionnaires 6 and 10 years after GDM. In a subset (n = 45), peak oxygen uptake (VO), peak fat oxidation, and maximal isometric strength of five muscle groups were tested.

Results: At 10 years, 41 women (49%) had impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Physical activity during pregnancy and association with changes in fat mass and adipokines in women of normal-weight or with obesity.

Adipose tissue and adipokine concentrations change markedly during pregnancy, but the effects of physical activity on these changes are rarely studied. We aimed to assess physical activity levels in pregnant women of normal-weight (NW) or with obesity (OB), and to determine the relation with changes in fat mass and adipokines. In each trimester, pregnant women (136 NW, 51 OB) were interviewed about their physical activity and had their body composition, leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) and adiponectin determined.

Growth differentiation factor 15 increases in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum during pregnancy.

Aim: Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) increases in serum during pregnancy to levels not seen in any other physiological state and is suggested to be involved in pregnancy-induced nausea, weight regulation and glucose metabolism. The main action of GDF15 is regulated through a receptor of the brainstem, i.e.

High levels of serum vitamin D-binding protein in patients with psoriasis: A case-control study and effects of ultraviolet B phototherapy.

The role of vitamin D in psoriasis remains contradictory despite the fact that vitamin D analogues constitute an established treatment for psoriasis. It has been proposed that the ability of vitamin D to exert anti-inflammatory effects might not depend solely on the concentration of serum 25(OH)D but also on the concentration of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). High concentrations of DBP might diminish vitamin D's biologic action.

Growth-differentiation-factor 15 levels in obese and healthy pregnancies: Relation to insulin resistance and insulin secretory function.

Objective/aim: Growth-differentiation-factor 15 (GDF15) has been suggested to improve or protect beta cell function. During pregnancy, beta cell numbers and function increase to overcome the natural rise in insulin resistance during gestation. In this study, we longitudinally measured serum GDF15 levels during and after pregnancy in women of normal weight (NW) and in women with obesity (OB) and explored associations between GDF15 and changes in beta cell function by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA).

Infant body composition relationship to maternal adipokines and fat mass: the PONCH study.

Background: Infant adiposity is linked to both high maternal fat mass (FM) and excessive gestational FM gain, whereas the association with maternal adipokines is less clear. The aim was to determine how levels of maternal leptin, the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), adiponectin, and FM during pregnancy were linked to infant FM in normal-weight (NW) women and women with obesity (OB).

Methods: Body composition and serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and sOB-R were determined three times during pregnancy in 80 NW and 46 OB women.

Pregnancy-induced changes in serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and the influence of kidney function.

Background: Epidemiological associations between maternal concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and birth weight are inconsistent. There is concern that studies based on samples collected in late pregnancy may be confounded by kidney function but studies of the relation between pregnancy-induced changes in PFAS and kidney function are lacking. Our aims were to investigate changes in serum concentrations of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) from early to late pregnancy and to explore relations to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and glomerular pore size.

Body Composition During Pregnancy: Longitudinal Changes and Method Comparisons.

The Pregnancy Obesity Nutrition and Child Health study is a longitudinal study of reproductive health. Here we analyzed body composition of normal-weight and obese Swedish women by three methods during each trimester of pregnancy. Cross-sectional and longitudinal fat mass estimates using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) (Tanita MC-180MA-III) were compared with fat mass determined by air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in pregnancy weeks 8-12, 24-26, and 35-37 in normal-weight women (n = 122, BMI = 22.

Longitudinal changes in adipokines and free leptin index during and after pregnancy in women with obesity.

Objective: Detailed data on adipokines and body composition during and after pregnancy in women of different BMI categories are lacking. Furthermore, adipokine regulation during pregnancy and the factors contributing to gestational insulin resistance are not completely understood. The objective was to longitudinally determine adipokine levels, body composition, and insulin sensitivity during and after pregnancy in women of healthy weight (HW) and with obesity (OB), and identify factors associated with insulin resistance.

Environmental factors influence the epigenetic signature of newborns from mothers with gestational diabetes.

To investigate the degree by which epigenetic signatures in children from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are influenced by environmental factors. We profiled the DNA methylation signature of blood from lean, obese and GDM mothers and their respective newborns. DNA methylation profiles of mothers showed high similarity across groups, while newborns from GDM mothers showed a marked distinct epigenetic profile compared with newborns of both lean and obese mothers.

Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus affect body composition through infancy: the PONCH study.

Background: To determine how maternal obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affect infant body size and body composition during the first year of life.

Methods: Eighty three normal-weight (NW) women, 26 obese (OB) women, and 26 women with GDM were recruited during pregnancy. Infant body composition was determined by air-displacement plethysmography at 1 and 12 weeks, and anthropometric measurements made until 1 year of age.

Circulating Linoleic Acid is Associated with Improved Glucose Tolerance in Women after Gestational Diabetes.

Women with previously diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk of type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2D). We aimed to establish links between glucose tolerance (GT) and serum fatty acid (FA) profile in the transition from GDM to T2D. Six years after GDM, 221 women were grouped as having normal GT (NGT), impaired GT (IGT), or T2D based on oral GT test results.

Adipose tissue and body composition in women six years after gestational diabetes: factors associated with development of type 2 diabetes.

Factors differentiating women at highest risk of progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are incompletely known. Our aim was to characterize adipose tissue and body composition in relation to glucose metabolism in women with a history of GDM and to identify factors associated with development of T2DM. We examined glucose tolerance (OGTT), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), body composition (anthropometry, air displacement plethysmography), and blood chemistry in 39 women 6 years after GDM.

Higher Concentrations of BCAAs and 3-HIB Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes.

Aim: Determine the metabolic profile and identify risk factors of women transitioning from gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: 237 women diagnosed with GDM underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), anthropometrics assessment, and completed lifestyle questionnaires six years after pregnancy. Blood was analysed for clinical variables (e.

Free lipid and computerized determination of adipocyte size.

The size distribution of adipocytes in a suspension, after collagenase digestion of adipose tissue, can be determined by computerized image analysis. Free lipid, forming droplets, in such suspensions implicates a bias since droplets present in the images may be identified as adipocytes. This problem is not always adjusted for and some reports state that distinguishing droplets and cells is a considerable problem.

Central and peripheral leptin and agouti-related protein during and after pregnancy in relation to weight change.

Objective: To study changes of neuropeptides and adipokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from pregnancy to postpregnancy in relation to weight changes, fat mass and glucose metabolism.

Context: With high postpartum weight retention being a risk factor in future pregnancies and of lifelong obesity, we evaluated neuropeptide and adipokine changes in women who either gained weight or were weight stable.

Design: Women were followed for 5 ± 1 years after pregnancy and divided into two groups, weight stable and weight gain, by weight change from start of pregnancy.

Pregnancy to postpartum transition of serum metabolites in women with gestational diabetes.

Context: Gestational diabetes is commonly linked to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is a need to characterize metabolic changes associated with gestational diabetes in order to find novel biomarkers for T2DM.

Objective: To find potential pathophysiological mechanisms and markers for progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to T2DM by studying the metabolic transition from pregnancy to postpartum.

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin, leptin, and agouti-related protein in relation to BMI in pregnant women.

Objective: During pregnancy, metabolic interactions must be adapted, though neuroendocrine mechanisms for increased food intake are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in insulin, leptin, and agouti-related protein (AgRP) levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in pregnant women with normal weight (NW) and pregnant women with overweight (OW) or obesity (OB). Placenta as a source for increased peripheral AgRP levels during pregnancy was also investigated.

A randomized longitudinal dietary intervention study during pregnancy: effects on fish intake, phospholipids, and body composition.

Background: Fish and meat intake may affect gestational weight gain, body composition and serum fatty acids. We aimed to determine whether a longitudinal dietary intervention during pregnancy could increase fish intake, affect serum phospholipid fatty acids, gestational weight gain and body composition changes during pregnancy in women of normal weight participating in the Pregnancy Obesity Nutrition and Child Health study. A second aim was to study possible effects in early pregnancy of fish intake and meat intake, respectively, on serum phospholipid fatty acids, gestational weight gain, and body composition changes during pregnancy.

The androgen receptor confers protection against diet-induced atherosclerosis, obesity, and dyslipidemia in female mice.

Androgens have important cardiometabolic actions in males, but their metabolic role in females is unclear. To determine the physiologic androgen receptor (AR)-dependent actions of androgens on atherogenesis in female mice, we generated female AR-knockout (ARKO) mice on an atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient background. After 8 weeks on a high-fat diet, but not on a normal chow diet, atherosclerosis in aorta was increased in ARKO females (+59% vs.