Synthesis and reactivity of α-cationic phosphines: the effect of imidazolinium and amidinium substituents.

Mono- and dicationic phosphines have been synthesized through the reaction of chloroimidazolinium or chloroamidinium salts with secondary or primary phosphines respectively. The resulting ligands, which depict a significantly reduced donor ability compared with their neutral analogues, have been used to design Pt(II) and Au(I) complexes that effectively catalyse the hydroarylation of alkynes.

Bis[(dialkylamino)cyclopropenimine]-Stabilized P(III) - and P(V) -Centered Dications.

The treatment of bis[(dialkylamino)cyclopropenimines] with dihalophosphines in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) to form diimine-stabilized P(III) -centered dications is reported. The structures of the new compounds were determined by using X-ray diffraction analysis and their donor abilities as ligands evaluated through electrochemical methods. Despite the two positive charges that they bear, these compounds depict intermediate behavior between that of phosphines and phosphites.

Synthesis, structure and reactivity of cyclopropenyl-1-ylidene stabilized S(II), Se(II) and Te(II) mono- and dications.

The syntheses and structural characterization of carbene-stabilized chalcogen centred mono- and dications employing a reverse electron demand onio-substitutent transfer strategy are reported. The electronic structures of these compounds were determined by density functional calculations and their reactivity towards Pd(0) centres was evaluated.

7-Methylguanine: protonation, formation of linkage isomers with trans-(NH3)2Pt(II), and base pairing properties.

Three protonated forms of 7-methylguanine (7-MeGH, 1) with different counter ions, [7-MeGH(2)]X (X = NO(3), 1a; ClO(4), 1b; BF(4), 1c) and two Pt(II) complexes, trans-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(7-MeGH-N9)(2)](ClO(4))(2) (4) and trans-[Pt(NH(3))(2)(7-MeGH-N9)(7-MeGH-N3)](ClO(4))(2)·3H(2)O (5) are described and their X-ray crystal structures are reported. 1a-1c form infinite ribbons via pairs of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between N1H···O6 and N3···N2H(2) sites, with anions connecting individual ribbons, thereby generating extended sheets. 4 and 5 do not display unusual features, except that 5 represents a rare case of a bis(nucleobase) complex of Pt(II) in which linkage isomers occur.

Outcomes in different residential settings for people with intellectual disability: a systematic review.

Large-scale reviews of research in deinstitutionalization and community living were last conducted about 10 years ago. Here we surveyed research from 1997 to 2007. Articles were included if the researchers based the study on original research, provided information on the participants and methodology, compared residential arrangements for adults with intellectual disability, and were published in English-language peer-reviewed journals.

Deinstitutionalization in intellectual disabilities.

Purpose Of Review: The process of deinstitutionalization for intellectual disability services is at different stages across the world, varying from complete closure in Sweden to a vague hope in Taiwan. This review explores recent literature on deinstitutionalization and intellectual disabilities and focuses on papers published in academic journals mainly during 2006.

Recent Findings: Work on deinstitutionalization continues to show that outcomes are better in the community than in institutional care but recent papers highlight that there is more to deinstitutionalization than just hospital closure.