Screening and selection of essential oils for an intranasal spray against bovine respiratory pathogens based on antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antibiofilm activities.

Introduction: The rise in antibiotic resistant pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) poses a serious challenge, particularly to the beef feedlot industry, as they currently depend on antibiotics to prevent BRD to mitigate the financial burden (approx. $1 billion annual loss) inflicted by BRD-associated high mortality and morbidity in feedlot cattle. Thus, there is an impetus need for the development of antimicrobial alternative strategies against BRD.

Comparative immunopathogenesis and biology of recently discovered porcine circoviruses.

Porcine circoviruses are important pathogens of production swine. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) is non-pathogenic, and discovered as a contaminant of a porcine kidney cell line, PK-15. The discovery of pathogenic variant, PCV2, occurred in the late 90s in association with post-weaning multi-systemic wasting disease syndrome (PMWS), which is characterized by wasting, respiratory signs and lymphadenopathy in weanling pigs.

Targeted Alteration of Antibody-Based Immunodominance Enhances the Heterosubtypic Immunity of an Experimental PCV2 Vaccine.

Despite the availability of commercial vaccines which can effectively prevent clinical signs, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) continues to remain an economically important swine virus, as strain drift, followed by displacement of new subtypes, occurs periodically. We had previously determined that the early antibody responses to the PCV2 capsid protein in infected pigs map to immunodominant but non-protective, linear B cell epitopes. In this study, two of the previously identified immunodominant epitopes were mutated in the backbone of a PCV2b infectious clone, to rationally restructure the immunogenic capsid protein.

Torque teno viruses in health and disease.

Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are small, ubiquitous, viruses with a highly diverse, single-stranded, negative sense DNA genome and wide host range. They are detected at high rates in both healthy and diseased individuals and are considered a significant part of the mammalian virome. Similar to human TTVs, swine TTVs (TTSuVs) are epidemiologically linked to several coinfections including porcine circovirus types 2 and 3 and the porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome virus.

Efficacy of a Commercial PCV2a Vaccine with a Two-Dose Regimen Against PCV2d.

Porcine circovirus type 2, the causative agent of porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD), consists of three major genotypes PCV2a, 2b and 2d. Current commercial vaccines contain the first-identified PCV2a's capsid protein or whole virions. Outbreaks of PCVAD, caused by the recently identified PCV2d in vaccinated herds have raised concerns regarding the efficacy of current PCV2a vaccines against PCV2d.

Characterization of furnace oil bioremediation potential of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria isolated from petroleum contaminated sites of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh.

Spillage of furnace oil is a more frequent event in recent times. In this study, environmental samples from furnace oil spillage sites of the Shela River, the Sundarbans, Bangladesh, were collected after three weeks of spillage. Serial dilution was applied and total seven bacterial isolates were separated as pure cultures.