Venom Composition of Neglected Bothropoid Snakes from the Amazon Rainforest: Ecological and Toxinological Implications.

Snake venoms have evolved in several families of Caenophidae, and their toxins have been assumed to be biochemical weapons with a role as a trophic adaptation. However, it remains unclear how venom contributes to the success of venomous species for adaptation to different environments. Here we compared the venoms from , , , , and collected in the Amazon Rainforest, aiming to understand the ecological and toxinological consequences of venom composition.

Morbidity survey of the history of snakebites in different communities in the alto Juruá, western Brazilian Amazon.

The Alto Juruá region has a rich diversity of venomous snakes, and snakebites represent an important cause of morbidity. The present study was carried out in five communities in the Alto Juruá region, and aimed to evaluate the history of snakebites in terms of which snakes were involved and what was the victims' conduct in relation to first aid and prevention. Between 2017 and 2019, semi-structured interviews were applied to 260 residents, 56 (21.

: An Arboreal Pitviper in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest.

The two-striped forest-pitviper () is an arboreal snake that is currently represented by two subspecies ( and ) that comprise a species complex, and its distribution is in the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. The rarity of encounters with this snake is reflected in the low occurrence of cases of snakebites throughout its geographic distribution and the resulting low number of published clinical reports. However, in some areas, proves to be more frequent and causes envenomations in a greater proportion.

Efficacy of the 20-minute whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) in the diagnosis of coagulation alteration related to snakebites in a Western Brazilian Amazon hospital.

The efficacy of 20-minute whole blood clotting (WBCT20) and the Lee-White clotting time (LWCT) tests in diagnosing coagulation alterations from snakebites were compared. Methods: We evaluated 89 snakebite cases treated at the Hospital Regional do Juruá em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil. Results: WBCT20 results were normal in 33.

Venomous snakes and people in a floodplain forest in the Western Brazilian Amazon: Potential risks for snakebites.

People who live in rural or forested areas are more likely to be affected by snakebites, due to their presence in the natural habitat of snakes and due to activities such as extractivism and agriculture. To conduct an ethnobiological study regarding the knowledge related to venomous snakes, snakebites and the attitudes of people who frequent areas of floodplain forests in the Alto Juruá (Brazilian Amazon), and correlate this information with data on snakebites in the region and the ecology of the ophiofauna, 100 residents, who are actively involved in extractivism, fishing, or hunting in the forests of the region were interviewed. Boards with photographs of venomous snakes from the region were used to ask questions about their experiences.

Cerebrovascular Accidents Related to Snakebites in the Amazon-Two Case Reports.

The objective of this case series was to describe 2 patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage with hydrocephalus and hemoventricle after a snakebite caused by presumed Bothrops ssp. Both cases occurred in the municipality of Guajará (Amazonas state), Western Brazilian Amazon. Both cases featured delay in administration of serum therapy, which may have contributed to the emergence of complications such as stroke.

Relationship between snake size and clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of Bothrops atrox snakebites in the Western Brazilian Amazon.

In the Brazilian Amazon, snakebites are a significant problem, especially for populations in rural areas, particularly in forests, where victims are a considerable distance from hospital care. Several factors are associated with the severity of the accident, such as the size and age of the snake. This study aims to compare the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of envenomation to the size of Bothrops atrox snakes.

Ethno-knowledge and attitudes regarding snakebites in the Alto Juruá region, Western Brazilian Amazonia.

Background: The Alto Juruá region, located in the extreme western part of the Brazilian Amazonia, possesses an indigenous and riverine population which is involved in agricultural and forest extraction activities, and is a region that stands out for its high incidence of snakebites.

Objectives: To assess the attitudes of the victims, the characteristics of the snakes and the circumstances of the snakebites which occurred in a region where human populations are highly exposed to snakes.

Methods: The study was conducted at the Regional Hospital of Juruá in the Municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre), which regularly attends victims of snakebites in the Alto Juruá region.

Perspectives and recommendations towards evidence-based health care for scorpion sting envenoming in the Brazilian Amazon: A comprehensive review.

Although underreported across the Amazon region, scorpion stings are very prevalent in some areas and can be potentially life-threatening, especially in children. The most vulnerable populations are those living in locations far from the capitals, hence having limited access to the health system where the appropriate structure for the treatment of severe cases is found. An abundant and diverse fauna of scorpions is found in the region, but few studies have been conducted to decipher the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response of the available antivenoms in envenomings caused by the various species.

Envenomation by Micrurus annellatus bolivianus (Peters, 1871) coral snake in the western Brazilian Amazon.

Bites by Micrurus snakes in Brazilian Amazon represent about 0.4% of snakebite registered in that area. There is not information available about the M.

Extractivism of palm tree fruits: A risky activity because of snakebites in the state of Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon.

Introduction: We present here the risk from snakebites because of palm extractivism in western Amazonia.

Methods: The data were extracted from a cross-sectional sample study, from January 2016 to April 2018, at the Juruá Regional Hospital of Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre).

Results: There were 14 Bothrops incidents involving males, most of them occurring during the harvesting of "açaí" (Euterpe precatoria).

Stepping into a dangerous quagmire: Macroecological determinants of Bothrops envenomings, Brazilian Amazon.

Despite significant and successful efforts in Brazil regarding snakebites in the areas of research, antivenom manufacture and quality control, training of health professionals in the diagnosis and clinical management of bites, little is known about determinants of snakebites incidence in order to further plan interventions to reduce the impact of this medical condition. Understanding the complexity of ecological interactions in a geographical region is important for prediction, prevention and control measures of snakebites. This investigation aims to describe spatial distribution and identify environmental determinants of human envenoming by lancehead pit vipers (Bothrops genus), in the Brazilian Amazon.