[Supporting a teenager confronted with a traumatic experience].

Everyone reacts differently to a traumatic event. There is a risk of underestimating a teenager's traumatic experience by considering only the usual post-traumatic stress diagnosis criteria. However, when the trauma has not been able to be sufficiently developed, the adolescent's suffering is revealed through their behaviour.

[Transcultural aspects of school phobia].

It sometimes happens that school is unable to fulfil its vocation as a place of integration, both here and elsewhere. Taking Japan as an example, it is possible to analyse the cultural components of school refusal in a countrywhere the pressure to succeed is so strong. Looking out onto the world helps us to expand our own outlook and gain a better understanding of this disorder.

[Does trauma help teenagers to "grow up"?].

Traumatic events may give rise to invalidating and chronic situations of distress. The concept of post-traumatic growth suggests that trauma may help people who have experienced it to mature and make positive changes in their lives, especially teenagers. This concept and its limits deserve to be studied in greater depth.

[Psychological trauma in pre-school children].

Overall clinical pictures of post-traumatic experiences in pre-school children depend on several factors: developmental, environmental and socio-cultural. Knowledge of these clinical pictures and the early management of these children are essential for their development and for building their personality.