Efficacy of tight control strategy in the treatment of adult-onset Still disease.

Background: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) characterized by a high spiking fever, skin rash, arthritis, and leukocytosis. The aim of the present study was considering the long-term outcomes of patients with AOSD who were treated with tight control strategy with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Methods: Fifty-six patients with AOSD treated with tight control strategy were included.

An optogenetic analogue of second-order reinforcement in Drosophila.

In insects, odours are coded by the combinatorial activation of ascending pathways, including their third-order representation in mushroom body Kenyon cells. Kenyon cells also receive intersecting input from ascending and mostly dopaminergic reinforcement pathways. Indeed, in Drosophila, presenting an odour together with activation of the dopaminergic mushroom body input neuron PPL1-01 leads to a weakening of the synapse between Kenyon cells and the approach-promoting mushroom body output neuron MBON-11.

Reinforcement signaling of punishment versus relief in fruit flies.

Painful events establish opponent memories: cues that precede pain are remembered negatively, whereas cues that follow pain, thus coinciding with relief are recalled positively. How do individual reinforcement-signaling neurons contribute to this "timing-dependent valence-reversal?" We addressed this question using an optogenetic approach in the fruit fly. Two types of fly dopaminergic neuron, each comprising just one paired cell, indeed established learned avoidance of odors that preceded their photostimulation during training, and learned approach to odors that followed the photostimulation.

Genome-Wide Association Analyses Point to Candidate Genes for Electric Shock Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster.

Electric shock is a common stimulus for nociception-research and the most widely used reinforcement in aversive associative learning experiments. Yet, nothing is known about the mechanisms it recruits at the periphery. To help fill this gap, we undertook a genome-wide association analysis using 38 inbred Drosophila melanogaster strains, which avoided shock to varying extents.

Effects of exposure to an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on hippocampal long-term potentiation in rat.

Modern lifestyle exposes nearly all humans to electromagnetic fields, particularly to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). Prolonged exposure to ELF-EMFs induces persistent changes in neuronal activity. However, the modulation of synaptic efficiency by ELF-EMFs in vivo is still unclear.

Time course of neuroprotection induced by normobaric hyperoxia in focal cerebral ischemia.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine if normobaric hyperoxia (HO) preconditioning offers durable neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia and the role of reactive oxygen species in the ischemic tolerance mechanism.

Materials And Methods: Rats were divided into four experimental main groups. First main group which was comprised four subgroups, were exposed to 90% HO for 6 days, 4 hours per day and subjected to 60 minutes of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) after 2, 5, 10, and 15 days.