From Surplus to Deficit Fiscal Policy.

The article discusses the reasoning associated with the change in the trajectory of the Russian budgetary policy in the current cycle and the substantiation of the forecast values of the main macroeconomic indicators used in the formation of the federal budget. The characteristics and analysis of the dynamics of the volumes of income and expenses are presented. The main theoretical concepts aimed at finding the optimal amount of debt financing for economic growth and the size of public debt are considered.

COMPARISON OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS INHIBITION IN VITRO BY SIRNA COMPLEXES WITH CHITOSAN DERIVATIVES, POLYETHYLENEIMINE AND HYBRID POLYARGININE-INORGANIC MICROCAPSULES.

Anti-influenza drugs and vaccines have a limited effect due to the high mutation rate of virus genome. The direct impact on the conservative virus genome regions should significantly improve therapeutic effectiveness. The RNA interference mechanism (RNAi) is one of the modern approaches used to solve this problem.

[Multilocus sequence-typing of vibrio cholerae strains with various epidemic importance].

The allele polymorphism of the housekeeping genes (dnaE, lap, recA, pgm, gyrB, cat, chi, gmd) from the Vibrio cholerae strains with different epidemic importance (n = 41) isolated in Siberia and at the Far East during the cholera pandemic VII was tested. All toxigenic strains isolated at the period of epidemic complications irrespective of time and source of isolation were characterized by the identical allele profile and belonged to the same sequence-type. Nine sequence types were detected in non-epidemic isolates.

[Maldi-tof ms analysis for yersinia pestis, vibrio cholera, and francisella tularensis identification].

Numerous studies showed that a new technology for the clinical microbiology laboratories, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization--Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS), allows fast, accurate, and effective identification of most clinically relevant microorganisms to be implemented. In the present review, we discuss applications of this approach for identification and typing of extremely dangerous pathogens--Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholera, and Francisella tularensis, including the advantages and disadvantages of the method, sample preparation and biosafety problems.

[The approbation of technique of mass spectrometry with matrix-activated laser desorption/ionization for identification of plague agent].

The study of sampling of strains of Y. pestis of main and altaic subspecies was implemented. The modern technique of identification of microorganisms was applied using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis.

[MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometric analysis of cell proteins during identification of leptospira genus members].

Aim: Development of methodological approaches for identification of leptospira by using MALDI-TOF direct protein profiling technology.

Materials And Methods: Analysis of cell proteins of 34 leptospira strains was carried out in Microflex LT by using "MALDI Biotyper 3.0 for identification and classification of microorganisms" program.

[Comparative analysis of informative-diagnostic properties of mucosa immune-reactivity parameters].

Aim: Study the features of immune-reactivity expression in mucosa depending on their topicity and etiopathogenesis of the pathological process.

Materials And Methods: Data from 30 clinically healthy children and 77 children with acute and recurrent diseases of respiratory tract: 51--with acute and 15--with chronic bronchitis; as well as 132 women: 41--with active stage of acute urogenital chlamydia infection, 29--with recurrent chronic process, 30--with non-recurrent form and 32 clinically healthy women were analyzed. Saline and urogenital tract mucosa discharge was analyzed for IgG, sIgA and secretory component, IL-1beta, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, IFNgamma, TNFalpha and GM-CSF, TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-8 gene expression levels as well as content of lysozyme, total protein and leucocytes.

[Comparative multilocus VNTR- and SNP-analysis of Bacillus anthracis vaccine strains].

Comparative VNTR- and SNP-genotype analysis of four Bacillus anthracis strains (three vaccinal and one virulent) was carried out using modern molecular-genetic typing methods. It is established that these strains formed four SNP patterns completely corresponding to the VNTR-profiles. It was demonstrated that all strains tested except vaccinal B.

Draft Genome Sequences of Two Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ST43 (O:1b) Strains, B-7194 and B-7195.

We report the first draft genome sequences of two Yersinia pseudotuberculosis sequence type 43 (ST43) (O:1b) strains, B-7194 and B-7195, isolated in Russia. The total lengths of the assemblies are 4,427,121 bp and 4,608,472 bp, and 3,819 and 4,018 coding sequences, respectively, were predicted within the genomes.

[The development and implementation of polymerase chain reaction to detect in real-time operation mode yersinia pestis in field material].

The article presents the results of development and practical implementation of system of polymerase chain reaction testing in real-time operation mode to detect agent of plague infield material. In laboratory conditions the system demonstrated good results and hence it was applied in conditions of field laboratory of epidemiologic team during planned epizootologic examination of Gorno-Altaisk hot spot of plague. The sampling consisted of more than 1400 objects.

[Effects of a real and modeled microgravity influencing on some structural and metabolic parameters of skeletal muscles].

The aim of present publication is summarization of experimental results on real and modeled effects of zero gravity on the impellent device of a man and other mammals. In particular, its effects on high-speed and power characteristics of skeletal muscles depending on their metabolic activity are analyzed.

Draft Genome Sequences of Five Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ST19 Isolates and One Isolate Variant.

We report the first draft genome sequences of five Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolates of sequence type (ST) 19 and of a variant from one of the five isolates. The total length of assemblies ranged from 4,226,485 bp to 4,274,148 bp, including between 3,808 and 3,843 predicted coding sequences.

[Molecular-genetic analysis of the epidemical strains of the Vibrio cholerae El Tor isolated from the Siberian and maritime regions of Russia].

The detection of the biotype-specificity, pathogenicity determinants, and sequencing of the ctxB gene and the ctxAB promoter was carried out for analysis of the Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains genome structure. The strains (n = 90) were isolated during cholera epidemic outbreaks in Siberia and the Far East. All toxigenic Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains were divided into two groups: the first group included strains isolated during 1970s: they had the genotype ctxB3+rstREl+rstRCl-rstC+TLC+tbr4.

Mass spectrometry based methods for the discrimination and typing of mycobacteria.

Identification and typing of mycobacteria is very important for epidemiology, susceptibility testing and diagnostic purposes. This paper describes the development and validation of the alternative methods for species identification and typing of mycobacteria based on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Altogether there were 383 clinical isolates analyzed which include 348 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) (342 strains of M.

[Detection of "hybrid" Vibrio cholerae eltor strains during epidemic complications in Syberia and Far East].

Aim: Biotyping of Vibrio cholerae eltor isolated during epidemic complications of cholera in Syberia and Far East by phenotypic and genotypic properties complex.

Materials And Methods: 45 strains of V. cholerae were studied.

[The phylogenetic position of Chlamydia strains isolated from monkeys and humans with Chlamydial pathology in the family Chiamydiaceae. Genotypic and phenotypic properties of this pathogen].

Based on the results of the comparative analysis concerning relatedness and evolutional difference of the 16S - 23S nucleotide sequences of the middle ribosomal cluster and 23S rRNA I domain, and based on identification of phylogenetic position for Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Chlamydia trichomatis strains released from monkeys, relatedness of the above stated isolates with similar strains released from humans and with strains having nucleotide sequences presented in the GenBank electronic database has been detected for the first time ever. Position of these isolates in the Chlamydiaceae family phylogenetic tree has been identified. The evolutional position of the investigated original Chlamydia and Chlamydophila strains close to analogous strains from the GenBank electronic database has been demonstrated.

Molecular typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulated in Moscow, Russian Federation.

The present study investigates epidemiological diversity and multidrug resistance spreading among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in Moscow, Russian Federation. Among 115 M. tuberculosis strains selected randomly from the sputum of epidemiologically unrelated tuberculosis (TB) patients, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains predominated.

[Molecular characteristic of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Moscow clinics].

Unlabelled: OBJECTIVES; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen of nosocomial infection. The goal of this work was to evaluate the clonality of hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) circulating in Russian Federation and to compare different multiplex PCR techniques with SNP-based approach for MRSA typing.

Methods: Epidemiologically unrelated MRSA isolates (n = 62) from Moscow hospitals were selected for typing.

[Detection of mutations in codon 306 of the embB gene for molecular genetic characterization of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains].

A total of 254 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were used in the study. Among them, there were 183 ethambutol (EMB)-resistant strains, 13 multidrug resistant ones, but EMB-sensitive, and 39 strains sensitive to rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INZ), and EMB. All the strains were analyzed for genetic changes in three loci: embB306, rpoB, and katG/inhA promoter, which were associated with the formation of resistance to EMB, RIF, and INZ, respectively.

[Molecular mechanisms of induction of innate immunity].

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of congenital immunity at different levels are discussed including single cell expression patterns and intracellular localization of individual TLR, the use of adapter molecules for generation of activation signals in response to microbial and non-microbial pathogens, soluble trap receptors, and intracellular negative regulators.

[Modern methods of laboratory diagnostics of Chlamydia infections].

Need for further improvement of methods for verification of etiological agent of urogenital and respiratory chlamydiosis on the basis of increased biotechnological requirements to antigens for serological reactions, primers for PCR assay (refinement of connection of primers with microorganism's zones of genome most significant for its life activity or formation of most diagnostically significant complexes of primers), and selection of cultivating conditions considering the predicted features of clinical strains of the agent was substantiated.

[The microflora of vaginal, gutter, and intestinal bioptats of women with a threat of early miscarriage].

A complex simultaneous assessment of the microbiota (the aerobic and anaerobic links as well as the parietal and lumen components) of the gutter, vagina, and intestines of women with a pathological pregnancy was performed. In 30% of women the study revealed system dysbiotic changes. Local immune reactivity was decreased, which may be considered a provoking factor.