Sustainable production of radionuclidically pure antimony-119.

Background: Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) uses radionuclides that decay via one of three therapeutically relevant decay modes (alpha, beta, and internal conversion (IC) / Auger electron (AE) emission) to deliver short range, highly damaging radiation inside of diseased cells, maintaining localized dose distribution and sparing healthy cells. Antimony-119 (Sb, t = 38.19 h, EC = 100%) is one such IC/AE emitting radionuclide, previously limited to in silico computational investigation due to barriers in production, chemical separation, and chelation.

Radionuclide tracing based in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring of 316L stainless steel in a molten salt closed loop.

In the study, we report an in situ corrosion and mass transport monitoring method developed using a radionuclide tracing technique for the corrosion study of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) in a NaCl-MgCl eutectic molten salt natural circulation loop. This method involves cyclotron irradiation of a small tube section with 16 MeV protons, later welds at the hot leg of the molten salt flow loop, generating radionuclides Cr, Mn, and Co at the salt-alloy interface. By measuring the activity variations of these radionuclides at different sections along the loop, both the in situ monitoring of the corrosion attack depth of 316L SS and corrosion product transport and its precipitation in flowing NaCl-MgCl molten salt are achieved.

Radionuclide Tracing Based in situ Corrosion and Mass Transport Monitoring of 316L Stainless Steel in a Molten Salt Closed Loop.

In the study, we report an corrosion and mass transport monitoring method developed using a radionuclide tracing technique for the corrosion study of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) in a NaCl-MgCl eutectic molten salt natural circulation loop. This novel method involved cyclotron irradiation of a small tube section with 16 MeV protons, later welded at the hot leg of the molten salt flow loop, generating radionuclides , , and at the salt-alloy interface. By measuring the activity variations of these radionuclides at different sections along the loop, both the monitoring of the corrosion attack depth of 316L SS and corrosion product transport and its precipitation in flowing NaCl-MgCl molten salt were achieved.

Production and radiochemistry of antimony-120m: Efforts toward Auger electron therapy with Sb.

Targeted Meitner-Auger Therapy (TMAT) has potential for personalized treatment thanks to its subcellular dosimetric selectivity, which is distinct from the dosimetry of β and α particle emission based Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT). To date, most clinical and preclinical TMAT studies have used commercially available radionuclides. These studies showed promising results despite using radionuclides with theoretically suboptimal photon to electron ratios, decay kinetics, and electron emission spectra.

Cyclotron production of Sc and Sc from enriched CaO, CaO, and CaO targets.

Sc and Sc are both positron-emitting radioisotopes of scandium with suitable half-lives and favorable positron energies for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Irradiation of isotopically enriched calcium targets has higher cross sections compared to titanium targets and higher radionuclidic purity and cross sections than natural calcium targets for reaction routes possible on small cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons and deuterons. In this work, we investigate the following production routes via proton and deuteron bombardment on CaCO and CaO target materials: Ca(d,n)Sc, Ca(p,n)Sc, Ca(d,n)Sc, Ca(p,n)Sc, and Ca(p,2n)Sc.

Evaluation of linear versus star-like polymer anti-cancer nanomedicines in mouse models.

Nanomedicines are considered next generation therapeutics with advanced therapeutic properties and reduced side effects. Herein, we introduce tailored linear and star-like water-soluble nanosystems as stimuli-sensitive nanomedicines for the treatment of solid tumors or hematological malignancies. The polymer carrier and drug pharmacokinetics were independently evaluated to elucidate the relationship between the nanosystem structure and its distribution in the body.

Multimodal imaging demonstrates enhanced tumor exposure of PEGylated FUD peptide in breast cancer.

In breast cancer, the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes remodeling and changes the tumor microenvironment to support tumor progression and metastasis. Fibronectin (FN) assembly is an important step in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment since the FN matrix precedes the deposition of various other ECM proteins, controls immune cell infiltration, and serves as a reservoir for cytokines and growth factors. Therefore, FN is an attractive target for breast cancer therapy and imaging.

Spleen-Targeted Glabridin-Loaded Nanoparticles Regulate Polarization of Monocyte/Macrophage (M /M ) for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

During cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, the infiltration of monocyte/macrophages (M /M ) into the ischemic penumbra causes inflammatory damage but also regulates tissue repair in the penumbra. The regulation and balance of M /M polarization is considered as a potential therapeutic target for treating cerebral I-R injury. Herein, these findings demonstrate that glabridin (Gla)-loaded nanoparticles (i.

A Third Generation Potentially Bifunctional Trithiol Chelate, Its Sb(III) Complex, and Selective Chelation of Radioantimony (Sb) from Its Sn Target.

The therapeutic potential of the Meitner-Auger- and conversion-electron emitting radionuclide Sb remains unexplored because of the difficulty of incorporating it into biologically targeted compounds. To address this challenge, we report the development of Sb production from electroplated tin cyclotron targets and its complexation by a novel trithiol chelate. The chelation reaction occurs in harsh solvent conditions even in the presence of large quantities of tin, which are necessary for production on small, low energy (16 MeV) cyclotrons.

Characterization of actinide resin for separation of Mn from bulk target material.

We report an extraction chromatography-based method via Actinide Resin for the isolation of radio-manganese from both natural chromium and isotopically enriched iron targets for cyclotron production of Mn and Mn. For the separation of Mn from nCr, a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 83.7 ± 8.

Meitner-Auger Electron Emitters for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy: Mercury-197m/g and Antimony-119.

Targeted Radionuclide Therapies (TRTs) based on Auger emitting radionuclides have the potential to deliver extremely selective therapeutic payloads on the cellular level. However, to fully exploit this potential, suitable radionuclides need to be applied in combination with appropriate delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art production, purification, chelation and applications of two promising candidates for Targeted Auger Therapy, namely antimony- 119 (Sb) and mercury-197 (Hg).

Chelation with a twist: a bifunctional chelator to enable room temperature radiolabeling and targeted PET imaging with scandium-44.

Scandium-44 has emerged as an attractive, novel PET radioisotope with ideal emission properties and half-life ( = 3.97 h, β = 632 keV) well matched to the pharmacokinetics of small molecules, peptides and small biologics. Conjugates of the current gold-standard chelator for Sc, 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), require heating to achieve radiochemical complexation, limiting application of this isotope in conjunction with temperature-sensitive biologics.

Establishing Radiolanthanum Chemistry for Targeted Nuclear Medicine Applications.

We report the first targeted nuclear medicine application of the lanthanum radionuclides La. These isotopes represent a matched pair for diagnosis via the positron emissions of La and therapy mediated by the Auger electron emissions of La. We identify two effective chelators, known as DO3Apic and macropa, for these radionuclides.

Improved production of Br, Br and Br via CoSe cyclotron targets and vertical dry distillation.

Introduction: The radioisotopes of bromine are uniquely suitable radiolabels for small molecule theranostic radiopharmaceuticals but are of limited availability due to production challenges. Significantly improved methods were developed for the production and radiochemical isolation of clinical quality Br, Br, and Br. The radiochemical quality of the radiobromine produced using these methods was tested through the synthesis of a novel Br-labeled inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a DNA damage response protein.

Production and in vivo PET/CT imaging of the theranostic pair La.

The present study describes a novel method for the low energy cyclotron production and radiochemical isolation of no-carrier-added La from bulk Ba. This separation strategy combines precipitation and single-column extraction chromatography to afford an overall radiochemical yield (92 ± 2%) and apparent molar activity (22 ± 4 Mbq/nmol) suitable for the radiolabeling of DOTA-conjugated vectors. The produced La has a radiochemical and radionuclidic purity amenable for La/La-based cancer theranostic applications.

Chemically imaging bacteria with super-resolution SERS on ultra-thin silver substrates.

Plasmonic hotspots generate a blinking Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) effect that can be processed using Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) algorithms for super-resolved imaging. Furthermore, by imaging through a diffraction grating, STORM algorithms can be modified to extract a full SERS spectrum, thereby capturing spectral as well as spatial content simultaneously. Here we demonstrate SERS and STORM combined in this way for super-resolved chemical imaging using an ultra-thin silver substrate.