Evaluating the cost and operational context for national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery in three regions of Ethiopia.

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Ethiopia. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a primary prevention method for cervical cancer and was introduced in Ethiopia in 2018. We conducted a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study to understand the operational context for the HPV vaccination program and the associated costs in three regions of Ethiopia.

Cost and operational context for national human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery in six low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: There are concerns from immunization program planners about high delivery costs for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Most prior research evaluated costs of HPV vaccine delivery during demonstration projects or at introduction, showing relatively high costs, which may not reflect the costs beyond the pilot or introduction years. This study sought to understand the operational context and estimate delivery costs for HPV vaccine in six national programs, beyond their introduction years.