Stratified Simple Random Sampling Versus Volunteer Community-Wide Sampling for Estimates of COVID-19 Prevalence.

To evaluate community-wide prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using stratified simple random sampling. We obtained data for the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Jefferson County, Kentucky, from adult random (n = 7296) and volunteer (n = 7919) sampling over 8 waves from June 2020 through August 2021. We compared results with administratively reported rates of COVID-19.

Quantifying the relationship between sub-population wastewater samples and community-wide SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence.

Robust epidemiological models relating wastewater to community disease prevalence are lacking. Assessments of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates have relied primarily on convenience sampling, which does not provide reliable estimates of community disease prevalence due to inherent biases. This study conducted serial stratified randomized samplings to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 3717 participants, and obtained weekly samples of community wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in Jefferson County, KY (USA) from August 2020 to February 2021.

Pre-Existing Comorbidities Diminish the Likelihood of Seropositivity after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.

Background: The impact of chronic health conditions (CHCs) on serostatus post-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination is unknown.

Methods: We assessed serostatus post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among fully vaccinated adult residents of Jefferson County, Kentucky, USA, from April 2021 to August 2021. Serostatus was determined by qualitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific Spike IgG antibodies via enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) in peripheral blood samples.

Public Awareness of and Support for the Use of Wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring: A Community Survey in Louisville, Kentucky.

The majority of sewer systems in the United States and other countries are operated by public utilities. In the absence of any regulation, the public perception of wastewater monitoring for population health biomarkers is an important consideration for a public utility commission when allocating resources for this purpose. We conducted a survey in August 2021 as part of an ongoing COVID-19 community prevalence study in Louisville/Jefferson County, KY, US.

Serological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of the pandemic in Louisville Kentucky.

Serological assays intended for diagnosis, sero-epidemiologic assessment, and measurement of protective antibody titers upon infection or vaccination are essential for managing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Serological assays measuring the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens are readily available. However, some lack appropriate characteristics to accurately measure SARS-CoV-2 antibodies titers and neutralization.

New roles of the Na/H exchange regulatory factor 1 scaffolding protein: a review.

Na/H exchange regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1), a member of a PDZ scaffolding protein family, was first identified as an organizer of membrane-bound protein complexes composed of hormone receptors, signal transduction pathways, and electrolyte and mineral transporters and channels. NHERF1 is involved in the regulation of Na/H exchanger 3, Na-dependent phosphate transporter 2a, and Na-K-ATPase through its ability to scaffold these transporters to the plasma membrane, allowing regulation of these protein complexes with their associated hormone receptors. Recently, NHERF1 has received increased interest in its involvement in a variety of functions, including cell structure and trafficking, tumorigenesis and tumor behavior, inflammatory responses, and tissue injury.

Effects of body protection vests and experience levels in prevention of equestrian injuries.

Objectives: To investigate the risk reduction and benefit of wearing body protection/safety vests in equestrian sports.

Methods: A comparison of equestrians wearing body protective vests and those not wearing vests was performed using incident report data of 718 participants in the United States Pony Clubs during 2011-2017. Data obtained included age, gender, certification level of member, type of activity, description of incident, description of injuries, what protective equipment was worn and other possible contributing factors.