Tramadol as a fentanyl adulterant: Prevalence and management in a ToxIC Fentalog study prospective cohort.

Background: Tramadol is an adulterant of illicit opioids. As it is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor as well as a μ-opioid agonist, tramadol adulteration may worsen overdose signs and symptoms or affect the amount of naloxone patients receive.

Methods: This is a multicenter, prospective cohort of adult patients with suspected opioid overdoses who presented to one of eight United States emergency departments and were included in the Toxicology Investigators Consortium's Fentalog Study.

A systematic evaluation of physical activity and diet policies in Scotland: results from the 2021 Active Healthy Kids Report Card.

Background: Policymaking regarding physical activity (PA) and diet plays an important role in childhood health promotion. This study provides a detailed examination of Scottish government and policy for child and adolescent PA and diet and discusses strengths and areas for improvement.

Methods: Scottish policy documents (n = 18 [PA]; n = 10 [diet])-published in 2011-20-were reviewed for grading using an adapted version of the Health-Enhancing Physical Activity Policy Audit Tool Version 2.

Trends in intentional abuse and misuse ingestions in school-aged children and adolescents reported to US poison centers from 2000-2020.

Context: Childhood and adolescent misuse and abuse exposures remain a serious public health challenge in the United States. This study aimed to describe recent trends and patterns of intentional substance misuse and abuse exposures among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States.

Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study of intentional misuse and abuse exposures in children 6 through 18 years reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS) from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2020.

Impact of Physical Activity on Adiposity and Risk Markers for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease.

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of physical activity (PA) on adiposity and for cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk markers (CMDRMs). In total, 55 adults (33 lean [L] and 22 overweight/obesity [O/O]) visited the laboratory on two occasions. During the first session, body composition and anthropometric measurements were taken as well as resting blood pressure (BP).

Failure to Launch: Predictors of Unfavourable Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Trajectories from Childhood to Adolescence: The Gateshead Millennium Study.

In a previous study based on this cohort, only 15% of the participants belonged to a favourable physical activity/sedentary behaviour trajectory group (characterised by relatively high moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity and relatively low sedentary behaviour across childhood and adolescence). Since this favourable trajectory is protective against obesity, we aimed to identify factors associated with membership of this group. In this longitudinal study, 671 participants were assessed at ages 7, 9, 12 and 15 years.

Moderate-To-Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour across Childhood and Adolescence, and Their Combined Relationship with Obesity Risk: A Multi-Trajectory Analysis.

The combined role of objectively assessed moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) is unclear in obesity prevention. This study aimed to identify latent groups for MVPA and SB trajectories from childhood to adolescence and examine their relationship with obesity risk at adolescence. From the Gateshead Millennium Study, accelerometer-based trajectories of time spent in MVPA and SB at ages 7, 9, 12, and 15 were derived as assigned as the predictor variable.

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old children, 2011-2018: a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study.

Objective: To explore trends in prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in underweight and obesity in 5-year-old schoolchildren in Scotland between 2011/2012 and 2017/2018.

Design: A population-based, repeated cross-sectional study.

Setting: Local authority primary schools in Scotland.

Clinical and patient characteristics associated with severe outcome in diphenhydramine toxicity.

Background: Diphenhydramine is frequently misused and ingested recreationally for its antihistaminergic and antimuscarinic effects and is often involved in both serious and fatal poisonings, either in isolation or in combination with other xenobiotics.

Objective: This analysis sought to determine which patient and encounter characteristics were associated with severe outcome after diphenhydramine overdose.

Methods: This is an analysis of the multi-center ToxIC registry (2010-2016).

Obesity in young children and its relationship with diagnosis of asthma, vitamin D deficiency, iron deficiency, specific allergies and flat-footedness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is evidence that a number of medical conditions and co-morbidities are associated with obesity in young children. This review explored whether there is evidence of associations with other conditions or co-morbidities. Observational studies of young children (mean age < 10 years) were identified using electronic searches of five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED and SPORTDiscus).

Healthy Habits, Happy Homes Scotland (4HS) feasibility study: Translation of a home-based early childhood obesity prevention intervention evaluated using RE-AIM framework.

Objective: Healthy Habits, Happy Homes (4H) is a home-based, pre-school childhood obesity prevention intervention which demonstrated efficacy in North America which we translated to Scotland (4HS) by considering contextual factors and adapting study design. RE-AIM Framework was used to assess 1) extent to which development of 4HS intervention (including recruitment) was participatory and inclusive; 2) feasibility of translating a complex public health intervention from one setting to another; 3) extent to which translation was pragmatic and 4) fidelity of intervention to the principles of Motivational Interviewing (MI).

Study Design: Feasibility testing, process evaluation and measurements of intervention fidelity were undertaken to evaluate the translation of 4H to an economically deprived area of Scotland (4HS).

Flualprazolam: Report of an Outbreak of a New Psychoactive Substance in Adolescents.

Flualprazolam is a nonregistered drug in the benzodiazepine family and constitutes a new psychoactive substance (NPS). Since 2014, a growing number of designer benzodiazepines have become available over the Internet and on the counterfeit drug market. In June 2019, a cluster of patients intoxicated with flualprazolam was identified by the Oregon Poison Center.

GRADE-ADOLOPMENT Process to Develop 24-Hour Movement Behavior Recommendations and Physical Activity Guidelines for the Under 5s in the United Kingdom, 2019.

Background: This article summarizes the approach taken to develop UK Chief Medical Officers' physical activity guidelines for the Under 5s, 2019.

Methods: The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)-Adaptation, Adoption, De Novo Development (ADOLOPMENT) approach was used, based on the guidelines from Canada and Australia, with evidence updated to February 2018. Recommendations were based on the associations between (1) time spent in sleep, sedentary time, physical activity, and 10 health outcomes and (2) time spent in physical activity and sedentary behavior on sleep outcomes (duration and latency).