Histological modification in TRAM flap in rats treated with pentoxifylline.

Purpose: To investigate the blood vessels' concentration in TRAM flap's rat model, in the presence of pentoxifylline.

Methods: 32 male, Wistar-EPM rats were divided into two groups. Control group (C): 0.

Apoptotic effect of ethanol is potentiated by caffeine-induced calcium release in rat astrocytes.

In this study, we investigated agents that increased intracellular calcium levels and their correlation with apoptotic cell death induction. We used rat astrocytes to investigate the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ (Ca(c)2+) and apoptosis induction by drugs that mobilize Ca2+ from different sources. We observed that thapsigargin (Thap), caffeine (Caff) and FCCP which caused similar increases in Ca(c)2+ levels (30-40%), also induced similar apoptotic rates (30-35%).