Gene-environment interaction in molar-incisor hypomineralization.

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is an enamel condition characterized by lesions ranging in color from white to brown which present rapid caries progression, and mainly affects permanent first molars and incisors. These enamel defects usually occur when there are disturbances during the mineralization or maturation stage of amelogenesis. Both genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to play roles in MIH's development, but no conclusive risk factors have shown the source of the disease.

Biomarkers for Lifetime Caries-Free Status.

The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that extreme outcomes of dental caries, such as edentulism or prematurely losing permanent teeth are associated with genetic variation in enamel-formation genes. After scanning 6206 individuals, samples of 330 were selected for this study. Tested phenotypes included patients who were edentulous by age 30, patients with missing first molars by age 30, patients with missing second molars by age 30, and caries-free patients.

Maxillary incisor enamel defects in individuals born with cleft lip/palate.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) is considered the most frequent congenital malformations of the head and neck, with cleft individuals exhibiting more chances of presenting abnormalities such as developmental defects of enamel (DDE). Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) is a membrane-bound protein with collagen-degrading ability and has important roles in tooth formation and mineralization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, location, severity and extent of DDE found in the maxillary incisors for groups of individuals born with CLP, as well as understanding their relationship with the cleft side.

IRF6, MSX1, TGFA, dental anomalies, and skeletal malocclusion.

Objective: Verify the presence of association between four variables-transforming growth factor α (TGFA; C/T rs1523305), interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6; A/C rs2013162), muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1; A/G rs12532), and dental anomalies-with skeletal malocclusion by comparing these four variables with Angle Classes I, II, and III, and normal, hyperdivergent, and hypodivergent growth patterns.

Methods: A total of 505 orthodontic records of patients older than 8 years were evaluated. The sample consisted of 285 (56.

IRE1 Less Common Homozygous Genotype in Families With Positive History of Cancer and Individuals Born With Cleft Lip/Palate.

The aim of this study was to test if the marker rs196929 in IRE1 associated with cleft lip and palate depending on the family history for cancer. A consecutive sample of 836 individuals were recruited between April and October of 2019 (303 born with cleft lip and palate, 256 relatives mostly of the maternal side of individuals born with cleft lip and palate, and 277 unaffected unrelated individuals). Parents or guardians of the children answered a questionnaire with basic demographic information about their children and their family history of cleft lip and palate and cancer.

Talon Cusp Associates With MMP2 in a Cohort of Individuals Born With Oral Clefts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to use dental development as a tool to subphenotype oral clefts and investigate the association of with dentin-pulp complex anomalies, in order to identify dental anomalies that are a part of a "cleft syndrome."

Design: Two hundred and ninety individuals born with cleft lip and palate were evaluated and several clinical features, such as cleft completeness or incompleteness, laterality, and presence of dental anomalies were used to assess each individual's cleft status. We tested for overrepresentation of single nucleotide polymorphism rs9923304 alleles depending on individuals having certain dental anomalies.

Bruxism Throughout the Lifespan and Variants in , and .

Bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity characterized by grinding of the teeth and clenching of the jaw that causes tooth wear and breakage, temporomandibular joint disorders, muscle pain, and headache. Bruxism occurs in both adults and children. Clinical characteristics and habits were evaluated in an adult sample.

Phenome-Wide Scan Finds Potential Orofacial Risk Markers for Cancer.

Cancer is a disease caused by a process that drives the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells. The late diagnosis of cancer has a negative impact on the health care system due to high treatment cost and decreased chances of favorable prognosis. Here, we aimed to identify orofacial conditions that can serve as potential risk markers for cancers by performing a phenome-wide scan (PheWAS).

Aquaporin locus (12q13.12) might contribute to susceptibility of temporomandibular joint disorder associated with periodontitis.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channels that provide for transport of water and other small molecules across the lipid bilayer of cells. Their function is essential for physiologic processes such as cell volume regulation, chondrocyte hypertrophy during appendicular skeletal growth, water reabsorption in the kidney tubules, and water excretion by the salivary glands. The ten AQP isoforms show tissue specificity and are involved in different pathologies and inflammatory diseases.

A Snapshot of the Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Fluorosis in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in the United States is unknown. The condition is defined via the presence of demarcated opacities of varying color, porous enamel, advanced susceptibility or progression of dental caries, and sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in Pittsburgh, Pa.

Measuring the Microscopic Structures of Human Dental Enamel Can Predict Caries Experience.

Objectives: The hierarchical structure of enamel gives insight on the properties of enamel and can influence its strength and ultimately caries experience. Currently, past caries experience is quantified using the decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, missing, filled surface (DMFT/DMFS for permanent teeth; dmft/dmfs for primary teeth), or international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) scores. By analyzing the structure of enamel, a new measurement can be utilized clinically to predict susceptibility to future caries experience based on a patient's individual's biomarkers.

Childhood Obesity, Genetic Variation, and Dental Age.

The purpose of this study was to determine if dental ages are more advanced in overweight children and influenced by genetic variation. Panoramic radiographs from 577 children were obtained. For performing genetic studies, an additional 236 subjects had panoramic radiographs and whole saliva samples collected.

The concept of exposure when selecting comparison groups for determining individual susceptibility to addiction to cigarette smoking.

Smoking is a leading cause of preventable death. The effect of tobacco is even more contundent in people with mental illness and, in general, cigarette smoking addiction is influenced by genetic factors. The opioid system is involved in the mesolimbic reward system, which is of great importance in addictive behaviors, such as smoking and is influenced by genes such as the OPRM1.

Fine-Mapping of Xq25.1-27.2 Shows Association of Early Childhood Caries with Genetic Variants Depending on Dietary Habits, Protecting Children Who Drink Milk before Going to Bed.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a chronic, infectious disease that affects the primary dentition of young children. It is the result of unequal contributions of risk factors and protective factors that influence the disease. The aim of this study was to assess if the X chromosome region previously linked to caries was associated with ECC.

Complex patterns of response to oral hygiene instructions: longitudinal evaluation of periodontal patients.

Background: Oral hygiene instruction is an intervention widely practiced but increased knowledge about oral health does not necessarily dramatically impact oral disease prevalence in populations. We aimed to measure plaque and bleeding in periodontal patients over time to determine patterns of patient response to oral hygiene instructions.

Methods: Longitudinal plaque and bleeding index data were evaluated in 227 periodontal patients to determine the impact of oral hygiene instructions.

Rethinking isolated cleft lip and palate as a syndrome.

Objective: The goal of the present work was to use dental conditions that have been independently associated with cleft lip and palate (CL/P) as a tool to identify a broader collection of individuals to be used for gene identification that lead to clefts.

Study Design: We studied 1573 DNA samples combining individuals that were born with CL/P or had tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, molar incisor hypomineralization, or dental caries with the goal to identify genetic associations. We tested 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were located in the vicinity of regions suggested to contribute to supernumerary teeth.

Medical sequencing of ectodermal dysplasia in identical twins and evaluation of the potential eligibility for recombinant EDA therapy.

The purpose of this study was to test two 8-year-old identical twins with ectodermal dysplasia (ED) and their unaffected parents for the presence of mutations in the EDA gene with the hypothesis that they might be carrying a de novo mutation in EDA and potentially eligible for recombinant EDA therapy. DNA was extracted using saliva samples obtained from the identical twin girls and both parents. PCR products of Ectodyplasin A (), Ectodysplasin Receptor (EDAR), Ectodysplasin Receptor Associated Death Domain (), and Connexin-30 () were sequenced by the Sanger method and the results analyzed using a reference sequence.

A Pragmatic Study Shows Failure of Dental Composite Fillings Is Genetically Determined: A Contribution to the Discussion on Dental Amalgams.

Composite resins for posterior tooth restorations have become a viable alternative to dental amalgam. Failures sometimes cannot be easily explained, and we hypothesize that a genetic component may influence longevity of restorations. We aimed to determine if there is any evidence for a difference in the performance of amalgams versus composite resin in extensive posterior restorations.

Acid-Mediated Initial Dental Enamel Loss Is Associated with Genetic Variants Previously Linked to Caries Experience.

We have previously shown that and genetic variation and expression in whole saliva are associated with caries experience suggesting that these genes may have a functional role in protecting against caries. To further explore these results, we tested if variants in these genes are associated with subclinical dental enamel mineral loss. DNA and enamel samples were obtained from 53 individuals.

Caries: review of human genetics research.

The NIH Consensus Development Program released a statement in 2001 (http://consensus.nih.gov/2001/2001DentalCaries115html.

Sealants and dental caries: insight into dentists' behaviors regarding implementation of clinical practice recommendations.

Background: The authors conducted a qualitative study of private-practice dentists in their offices by using vignette-based interviews to assess barriers to the use of evidence-based clinical recommendations in the treatment of noncavitated carious lesions.

Methods: The authors recruited 22 dentists as a convenience sample and presented them with two patient vignettes involving noncavitated carious lesions. Interviewers asked participants to articulate their thought processes as they described treatment recommendations.

Summary of the IADR Cariology Research, Craniofacial Biology, and Mineralized Tissue Groups Symposium, Iguaçu Falls, Brazil, June 2012: Gene-environment Interactions and Epigenetics in Oral Diseases: Enamel Formation and its Clinical Impact on Tooth Defects, Caries, and Erosion.

Characteristics of enamel may influence or modulate individual susceptibility to caries and erosion. These characteristics are defined during development, which is under strict genetic control, but can easily be modified in many ways by environmental factors. In the symposium, translational aspects of embryology, biochemistry, and genetics of amelogenesis were presented.

Prevalence of oral trauma in Para-Pan American Games athletes.

The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological survey was to assess the prevalence of oral trauma in athletes representing 25 countries competing at the most recent Para-Pan American Games (III PARAPAN) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study was approved by the appropriate institutional review board. The examiners participated in standardization and calibration training sessions before the field phase began.