Lead migration from toys by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth film electrode.

Metals may be released from toys via saliva during mouthing, via sweat during dermal contact, or via gastric and intestinal fluids after partial or whole ingestion. In this study, we determined the lead migration from toys bought on the Portuguese market for children below 3 years of age. The lead migration was performed according to the European Committee for Standardization EN 71-3, which proposes a 2-hour migration test that simulates human gastric conditions.

Ofloxacin determination in urine, serum and pharmaceuticals using an automatic flow potentiometric system.

An automatic system was developed to determine ofloxacin in biological fluids and pharmaceutical formulations. Drug detection was carried out by a potentiometric membrane sensor based on [bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate as molecular-recognition material. The tubular shaped detector system was solidly attached to the manifold, creating a high-throughput stable setup (50 samples per hour) appropriate for routine antibiotic assessment.

Chloride-selective membrane electrodes and optodes based on an indium(III) porphyrin for the determination of chloride in a sequential injection analysis system.

Two quasi-independent methods for potentiometric and optical determination of chloride were simultaneously implemented in a flow system, providing real-time assessment of the quality of results. A potentiometric and an optical polymeric membrane doped with the same indium(III) octaethyl-porphyrin were used as sensor ionophore. The working mechanism and the analytical characteristics of these porphyrin-based sensors with respect to dynamic range, selectivity, repeatability and lifetime are discussed.

A sequential injection analysis system for potassium clavulanate determination using two potentiometric detectors.

Two almost independent potentiometric methods were implemented in a multi-task flow system based on the concept of sequential injection analysis for the analytical control of potassium clavulanate in pharmaceutical formulations. In addition to in-line preparation of the solutions submitted to the analysis, the system simultaneously detected the clavulanate anion and the potassium cation using two potentiometric detectors selective to each of the species referred. For the two determinations, the system developed presented an analytical range of 2 mM-0.