Investigating the role of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in modulating lipotoxicity: Effects on lipid dynamics stress pathways, and insulin resistance on the function of dopaminergic neurons.

Despite decades of advancements in HIV treatment, the persistence of viral reservoirs necessitates lifelong therapy, complicating efforts to fully control the infection. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) remain a cornerstone of HIV treatment, but long-term use is associated with side effects, including lipid metabolism disruption and neurocognitive disorders. There is a gap in understanding the safety of antiretrovirals and their impact on lipid toxicity in the central nervous system.

The Influence of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors on Mitochondrial Activity, Lipid Content, and Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein Levels in Microglial HMC3 Cells.

Despite the availability of a wide range of preventive measures and comprehensive treatment options following infection, the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a persistent challenge. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) represent the most commonly utilized therapeutic approach, despite being on the pharmaceutical market for nearly four decades. During this time, a spectrum of side effects ranging from mild discomfort and hypersensitivity reactions to the more prevalent nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity has been documented.

Three-dimensional Collagen Scaffolds in Cultures of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Used for Severed Spinal Cord Regeneration.

Background/aim: The regeneration of a completely damaged spinal cord is still a challenge in modern medicine. A promising treatment method is autologous transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). This study aimed primarily to test methods of culturing OECs with the use of materials and reagents that are certified for pharmaceutical use in the production of an advanced cell therapy product intended for humans.

Effect of amyloid-β on the redox system activity in SH-SY5Y cells preincubated with lipopolysaccharide or co-cultured with microglia cells.

Amyloid deposits and hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein are still believed to be the two main causes of Alzheimer's disease. However, newer studies show the beneficial (including antiradical and antimicrobial) effects of amyloid at physiological concentrations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of three amyloid fragments - 25-35, 1-40, and 1-42 at concentrations close to physiological levels on the oxidative stress induced by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or co-culturing with microglia cells.

Molecular Mechanism of Lipotoxicity as an Interesting Aspect in the Development of Pathological States-Current View of Knowledge.

Free fatty acids (FFAs) play numerous vital roles in the organism, such as contribution to energy generation and reserve, serving as an essential component of the cell membrane, or as ligands for nuclear receptors. However, the disturbance in fatty acid homeostasis, such as inefficient metabolism or intensified release from the site of storage, may result in increased serum FFA levels and eventually result in ectopic fat deposition, which is unfavorable for the organism. The cells are adjusted for the accumulation of FFA to a limited extent and so prolonged exposure to elevated FFA levels results in deleterious effects referred to as lipotoxicity.

The Impact of High Glucose or Insulin Exposure on S100B Protein Levels, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and DNA Damage in Neuron-Like Cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is attracting considerable interest due to its increasing number of cases as a consequence of the aging of the global population. The mainstream concept of AD neuropathology based on pathological changes of amyloid metabolism and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles is under criticism due to the failure of A-targeting drug trials. Recent findings have shown that AD is a highly complex disease involving a broad range of clinical manifestations as well as cellular and biochemical disturbances.

Sirtuins as Important Factors in Pathological States and the Role of Their Molecular Activity Modulators.

Sirtuins (SIRTs), enzymes from the family of NAD-dependent histone deacetylases, play an important role in the functioning of the body at the cellular level and participate in many biochemical processes. The multi-directionality of SIRTs encourages scientists to undertake research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of their action and the influence that SIRTs have on the organism. At the same time, new substances are constantly being sought that can modulate the action of SIRTs.

The Interplay between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease-In the Hunt for Biomarkers.

The brain is an organ in which energy metabolism occurs most intensively and glucose is an essential and dominant energy substrate. There have been many studies in recent years suggesting a close relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as they have many pathophysiological features in common. The condition of hyperglycemia exposes brain cells to the detrimental effects of glucose, increasing protein glycation and is the cause of different non-psychiatric complications.

PC12 Cell Line: Cell Types, Coating of Culture Vessels, Differentiation and Other Culture Conditions.

The PC12 cell line is one of the most commonly used in neuroscience research, including studies on neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, neurosecretion, neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis. Two types of this line are available in the ATCC collection: traditional PC12 cells grown in suspension and well-attached adherent phenotype. PC12 cells grown in suspension tend to aggregate and adhere poorly to non-coated surfaces.