Biosynthesis of Largimycins in Involves Transient β-Alkylation and Cryptic Halogenation Steps Unprecedented in the Leinamycin Family.

Largimycins A1 and A2 are key members of a recently identified family of hybrid nonribosomal peptide polyketides belonging to the scarcely represented group of antitumor leinamycins. They are encoded by the gene cluster of . This cluster contains a halogenase gene and two sets of genes for the biosynthesis and incorporation of β branches at C3 and C9.

Uncovering production of specialized metabolites by Streptomyces argillaceus: Activation of cryptic biosynthesis gene clusters using nutritional and genetic approaches.

Sequencing of Streptomyces genomes has revealed they harbor a high number of biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC), which uncovered their enormous potentiality to encode specialized metabolites. However, these metabolites are not usually produced under standard laboratory conditions. In this manuscript we report the activation of BGCs for antimycins, carotenoids, germicidins and desferrioxamine compounds in Streptomyces argillaceus, and the identification of the encoded compounds.

Participation of NMDA-glutamatergic receptors in hippocampal neuronal damage caused by adult-onset hypothyroidism.

We analyzed the participation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the neuronal damage caused by adult-onset hypothyroidism. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups. The euthyroid group received tap water.

Influence of high-calorie (cafeteria) diets on the population of Paneth cells in the small intestine of the rat.

A high-calorie (cafeteria) diet is known to cause changes in the intestinal morphology and functioning that seem to be related to calorie overfeeding. Among the cell lineages found in the small intestine epithelium, the Paneth cell (PC) population is known to be influenced by factors related mainly to the intestinal microbiota. The role of PCs in the intestinal cell concert remains unclear, because experimental evidence suggests PC involvement in local processes other than protection against pathogens.

Differential aromatase (CYP19) expression in human arteries from normal and neoplasic uterus: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study.

Aromatase CYP19 catalyzes the synthesis of estrogen from androgens in a tissue-specific manner. This enzyme is present in several tissues, including gonads, brain and fatty tissue. More recently, its presence has been described in vessels.