Histochemical mapping of the duration of action of photobiomodulation on cytochrome c oxidase in the rat brain.

Introduction: This is the first study mapping the duration of action of photobiomodulation (PBM) on cytochrome-c-oxidase (CCO). In cellular bioenergetics, CCO is the terminal rate-limiting enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which catalyzes oxygen utilization for aerobic energy production. PBM using transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS) is a promising intervention for non-invasively modulating CCO in the brain.