Overactive bladder syndrome: Management and treatment options.

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common syndrome in the community characterised by unstable bladder contractions, resulting in urinary urgency, frequency and nocturia in the absence of detectable disease. Large studies suggest that >10% of the general population is symptomatic.

Objective: The aim of this article is to summarise the stepwise treatment for OAB that seeks to improve patient quality of life and reduce patient and health system costs.

Retained neonatal ureteral stent post-ureteric reimplantation: a 26-year saga.

Ureteral stents are an essential tool in modern day adult and paediatric urology. They are usually placed with the intention of removal or replacement after a specific time but may occasionally be forgotten or unintentionally retained. We present the case of a young man who presented with symptoms caused by a retained ureteric stent placed 26 years earlier during reconstructive ureteric surgery as an infant.

CD169(+) macrophages mediate pathological formation of woven bone in skeletal lesions of prostate cancer.

Skeletal metastases present a major clinical challenge for prostate cancer patient care, inflicting distinctive mixed osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions that cause morbidity and refractory skeletal complications. Macrophages are abundant in bone and bone marrow and can influence both osteoblast and osteoclast function in physiology and pathology. Herein, we examined the role of macrophages in prostate cancer bone lesions, particularly the osteoblastic response.

How to critically appraise a clinical practice guideline.

Purpose: Clinical practice guidelines play a critical role in guiding the evidence-based clinical practice of urology. We describe a systematic approach to critical appraisal of urology guidelines.

Materials And Methods: Based on a focused clinical question derived from a clinical scenario, we identified a relevant clinical practice guideline that we critically appraised using the Users' Guide to the Medical Literature framework as to whether the results are valid, what are the results, and can they be applied to the care of an individual patient.