Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) catheters allow continuous monitoring of patients' cerebral metabolism in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The catheters consist of a terminal semi-permeable membrane that is inserted into the brain's interstitium to allow perfusion fluid to equalize with the surrounding cerebral extracellular environment before being recovered through a central non-porous channel. However, it is unclear how far recovered fluid and suspended metabolites have diffused from within the brain, and therefore what volume or region of brain tissue the analyses of metabolism represent.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRationale And Objectives: Cerebral microdialysis is a technique that enables monitoring of the neurochemistry of patients with significant acquired brain injury, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Cerebral microdialysis can also be used to characterise the neuro-pharmacokinetics of small-molecule study substrates using retrodialysis/retromicrodialysis. However, challenges remain: (i) lack of a simple, stable, and inexpensive brain tissue model for the study of drug neuropharmacology; and (ii) it is unclear how far small study-molecules administered via retrodialysis diffuse within the human brain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHow to optimise glucose metabolism in the traumatised human brain remains unclear, including whether injured brain can metabolise additional glucose when supplied. We studied the effect of microdialysis-delivered 1,2-C glucose at 4 and 8 mmol/L on brain extracellular chemistry using bedside ISCUS, and the fate of the C label in the 8 mmol/L group using high-resolution NMR of recovered microdialysates, in 20 patients. Compared with unsupplemented perfusion, 4 mmol/L glucose increased extracellular concentrations of pyruvate (17%, p = 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a common and disabling condition of symptomatic cervical spinal cord compression secondary to degenerative changes in spinal structures leading to a mechanical stress injury of the spinal cord. RECEDE-Myelopathy aims to test the disease-modulating activity of the phosphodiesterase 3/phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor Ibudilast as an adjuvant to surgical decompression in DCM.
Methods And Analysis: RECEDE-Myelopathy is a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are associated with altered brain structure and function, as well as increased habitual behavior. This neurobehavioral profile may implicate neurochemical changes in the pathogenesis of these illnesses. Altered glutamate, myo-inositol and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) concentrations are reported in restrictive AN, yet whether these extend to binge-eating disorders, or relate to habitual traits in affected individuals, remains unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThere is an urgent need for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Here, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify metabolite deficits in sixty patients with a clinical syndrome associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia n = 11, progressive supranuclear palsy n = 26, corticobasal syndrome n = 11, primary progressive aphasias n = 12), and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We measured nine metabolites in the right inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and right primary visual cortex.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFollowing traumatic brain injury (TBI), raised cerebral lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) reflects impaired energy metabolism. Raised LPR correlates with poor outcome and mortality following TBI. We prospectively recruited patients with TBI requiring neurocritical care and multimodal monitoring, and utilised a tiered management protocol targeting LPR.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBehavioural disinhibition is a common feature of the syndromes associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). It is associated with high morbidity and lacks proven symptomatic treatments. A potential therapeutic strategy is to correct the neurotransmitter deficits associated with FTLD, thereby improving behaviour.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: We present the reliability of ultra-high field T* MRI at 7T, as part of the UK7T Network's "Travelling Heads" study. T*-weighted MRI images can be processed to produce quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM) and R* maps. These reflect iron and myelin concentrations, which are altered in many pathophysiological processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIncreasing numbers of 7 T (7 T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners are in research and clinical use. 7 T MRI can increase the scanning speed, spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise-ratio of many neuroimaging protocols, but technical challenges in implementation have been addressed in a variety of ways across sites. In order to facilitate multi-centre studies and ensure consistency of findings across sites, it is desirable that 7 T MRI sites implement common high-quality neuroimaging protocols that can accommodate different scanner models and software versions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMetabolic dysfunction is a key pathophysiological process in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although changes in brain glucose metabolism and extracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio are well known, it was hitherto unknown whether these translate to downstream changes in ATP metabolism and intracellular pH. We have performed the first clinical voxel-based phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P MRS) in 13 acute-phase major TBI patients versus 10 healthy controls (HCs), at 3T, focusing on eight central 2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA key pathophysiological process and therapeutic target in the critical early post-injury period of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is cell mitochondrial dysfunction; characterised by elevation of brain lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio in the absence of hypoxia. We previously showed that succinate can improve brain extracellular chemistry in acute TBI, but it was not clear if this translates to a change in downstream energy metabolism. We studied the effect of microdialysis-delivered succinate on brain energy state (phosphocreatine/ATP ratio (PCr/ATP)) with P MRS at 3T, and tissue NADH/NAD redox state using microdialysis (L/P ratio) in eight patients with acute major TBI (mean 7 days).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMetabolic abnormalities occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Glucose is conventionally regarded as the major energy substrate, although lactate can also be an energy source. We compared 3-C lactate metabolism in TBI with "normal" control brain and muscle, measuring C-glutamine enrichment to assess tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTraumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a series of complex pathophysiological processes. These include abnormalities in brain energy metabolism; consequent to reduced tissue pO arising from ischemia or abnormal tissue oxygen diffusion, or due to a failure of mitochondrial function. magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows non-invasive interrogation of brain tissue metabolism in patients with acute brain injury.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground Mapping the hypoxic brain in acute ischemic stroke has considerable potential for both diagnosis and treatment monitoring. PET using F-fluoro-misonidazole (FMISO) is the reference method; however, it lacks clinical accessibility and involves radiation exposure. MR-based T2' mapping may identify tissue hypoxia and holds clinical potential.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Elabela/toddler (ELA) is a critical cardiac developmental peptide that acts through the G-protein-coupled apelin receptor, despite lack of sequence similarity to the established ligand apelin. Our aim was to investigate the receptor pharmacology, expression pattern, and in vivo function of ELA peptides in the adult cardiovascular system, to seek evidence for alteration in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in which apelin signaling is downregulated, and to demonstrate attenuation of PAH severity with exogenous administration of ELA in a rat model.
Methods: docking analysis, competition binding experiments, and downstream assays were used to characterize ELA receptor binding in human heart and signaling in cells expressing the apelin receptor.
Following traumatic brain injury, complex cerebral energy perturbations occur. Correlating with unfavourable outcome, high brain extracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio suggests hypoxic metabolism and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated whether focal administration of succinate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate interacting directly with the mitochondrial electron transport chain, could improve cerebral metabolism.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe growing recognition of diseases associated with dysfunction of mitochondria poses an urgent need for simple measures of mitochondrial function. Assessment of the kinetics of replenishment of the phosphocreatine pool after exercise using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy can provide an in vivo measure of mitochondrial function; however, the wider application of this technique appears limited by complex or expensive MR-compatible exercise equipment and protocols not easily tolerated by frail participants or those with reduced mental capacity. Here we describe a novel in-scanner exercise method which is patient-focused, inexpensive, remarkably simple and highly portable.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFundamental criticisms have been made over the use of (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) magnetization transfer estimates of inorganic phosphate (Pi)→ATP flux (VPi-ATP) in human resting skeletal muscle for assessing mitochondrial function. Although the discrepancy in the magnitude of VPi-ATP is now acknowledged, little is known about its metabolic determinants. Here we use a novel protocol to measure VPi-ATP in human exercising muscle for the first time.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStudy Design: Laboratory and human study.
Objective: To test the Codman Microsensor Transducer (CMT) in a cervical gel phantom. To test the CMT inserted to monitor intraspinal pressure in a patient with spinal cord injury.
Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of spectral editing for quantification of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rat brain and to determine whether altered GABA concentration in the ventral striatum is a neural endophenotype associated with trait-like impulsive behavior.
Materials And Methods: Spectra were acquired at 4.7T for 23 male Lister-hooded rats that had been previously screened for extremely low and high impulsivity phenotypes on an automated behavioral task (n = 11 low-impulsive; n = 12 high-impulsive).
We present a 26-year-old male British military nurse, deployed to Sierra Leone to treat patients with Ebola virus disease at the military-run Kerry Town Ebola Treatment Unit. Following exposure to chlorine gas during routine maintenance procedures, the patient had an episode of respiratory distress and briefly lost consciousness after exiting the facility. Diagnoses of reactive airways disease, secondary to the chlorine exposure and a hypocapnic syncopal episode were made.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPurpose: While MRI is enhancing our knowledge about the structure and function of the human brain, subject motion remains a problem in many clinical applications. Recently, the use of wireless radiofrequency markers with three one-dimensional (1D) navigators for prospective correction was demonstrated. This method is restricted in the range of motion that can be corrected, however, because of limited information in the 1D readouts.
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