Brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy in the inpatient management of decompensated heart failure.

Heart failure is extremely prevalent and is associated with significant mortality, morbidity and cost. Studies have already established mortality benefit with the use of neurohormonal blockade therapy in systolic failure. Unfortunately, physical signs and symptoms of heart failure lack diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and medication doses proven to improve mortality in clinical trials are often not achieved.

Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease.

The objective of this article is to review the role of vitamin E in cardiovascular disease. We begin by describing the general characteristics and metabolism of vitamin E and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as it relates to oxidation. We also discuss key in vitro studies, animal studies, observational studies, and clinical trials regarding the potentially cardioprotective effect of vitamin E.

The utility of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease.

We reviewed the use of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease by discussing key epidemiologic and placebo-controlled studies in people with and without prior cardiovascular disease at baseline. In addition, studies on the antitriglyceridemic, antihypertensive, hemostatic, antiarrhythmic, and antiatherogenic properties of omega-3 fatty acids were examined. Lastly, we discussed current dietary and safety recommendations regarding fish and fish oil capsules as stated by the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Environmental Protection Agency.

The cardiovascular implications of alcohol and red wine.

We reviewed the roles of both alcohol and red wine in cardiovascular disease by discussing key animal and human studies. Included are studies regarding alcohol's association with coronary heart disease and the proposed mechanisms of action of alcohol. Likewise, studies concerning red wine's cardiovascular benefit and the mechanisms of action of red wine are discussed.