Direct plantar approach to Henry's knot for flexor hallucis longus transfer.

Background: Transfer of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon is an established method to replace a dysfunctional Achilles tendon. When using a single incision, the FHL tendon has to be transferred as a single stranded graft into the calcaneus and the distal FHL stump cannot be directly attached to the flexor digitorum longus tendon (FDL). Another concern with tendon retrieval is neurovascular damage.

Ultrasonographic classification of achilles tendon ruptures as a rationale for individual treatment selection.

Purpose. This work introduces a distinct sonographic classification of Achilles tendon ruptures which has proven itself to be a reliable instrument for an individualized and differentiated therapy selection for patients who have suffered an Achilles tendon rupture. Materials and Methods.

Differential phosphorylation-dependent regulation of constitutively active and muscarinic receptor-activated IK,ACh channels in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.

Objective: In chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF) the potassium current IK,ACh develops agonist-independent constitutive activity. We hypothesized that abnormal phosphorylation-dependent regulation underlies the constitutive IK,ACh activity.

Methods: We used voltage-clamp technique and biochemical assays to study IK,ACh regulation in atrial appendages from 61 sinus rhythm (SR), 11 paroxysmal AF (pAF), and 33 cAF patients.