Classic diabetic ketoacidosis and the euglycemic variant: Something old, something new.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was historically considered a condition typical of type 1 diabetes. However, patients with type 2 diabetes may present with DKA, usually with higher blood glucose levels and milder ketoacidosis. With the increased use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, the variant euglycemic DKA has been described.

Inhaled human insulin: an inspiration for patients with diabetes mellitus?

Inhaled insulin offers a novel option for controlling blood glucose levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, obviating the need for multiple daily injections. The first of several delivery systems, insulin Exubera, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, questions remain regarding its efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and possible deleterious effects on pulmonary function.

Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial.

Objective: Glycemic control using inhaled, dry-powder insulin plus a single injection of long-acting insulin was compared with a conventional regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes, which was previously managed with at least two daily insulin injections.

Research Design And Methods: Patients were randomized to 6 months' treatment with either premeal inhaled insulin plus a bedtime dose of Ultralente (n = 149) or at least two daily injections of subcutaneous insulin (mixed regular/NPH insulin; n = 150). The primary efficacy end point was the change in HbA1c from baseline to the end of study.

Detection of thyrotropin-receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease: sensitive and specific markers for thyroid cancer.

Because thyroid cancer cells express functional TSH receptors (TSHR), TSHR-mRNA in peripheral blood might serve as a tissue-/cancer-specific marker. We measured circulating TSHR-mRNA by RT-PCR in 51 normal controls, 27 patients with benign thyroid disease, 67 patients with treated differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), and eight patients with newly diagnosed DTC, preoperatively. Results were compared with thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA and serum Tg levels.

Development of diabetes mellitus several years after manifestation of diabetic nephropathy: case report and review of literature.

Objective: To describe an unusual case of development of diabetes mellitus (DM) several years after manifestation of diabetic nephropathy and to review the related literature.

Methods: We present a case report, including detailed laboratory and pathologic findings in a 51-year-old man who was diagnosed as having DM several years after presenting with diabetic nephropathy. The pertinent literature is also reviewed.

Polycystic ovary syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment over the short and long term.

Although polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with hyperandrogenism and infertility early in life, it is a harbinger of a lifelong condition that can lead to serious sequelae such as endometrial or ovarian cancer, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease. We review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.