Water hyacinth: Prospects for biochar-based, nano-enabled biofertilizer development.

The widespread proliferation of water hyacinth () in aquatic ecosystems has raised significant ecological, environmental, and socioeconomic concerns globally. These concerns include reduced biodiversity, impeded water transportation and recreational activities, damage to marine infrastructure, and obstructions in power generation dams and irrigation systems. This review critically evaluates the challenges posed by water hyacinth (WH) and investigates potential strategies for converting its biomass into value-added agricultural products, specifically nanonutrients-fortified, biochar-based, green fertilizer.