Building a research culture among nigerian medical students: the modus operandi of the college research and innovation hub.

Africa, with 18.3% of the world's population, faces a significant research output gap, contributing only 2% of global research despite bearing a substantial disease burden. This discrepancy is partly due to inadequate research infrastructure, limited funding, and a shortage of physician-scientists.

Risk of hepatitis B reactivation in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms treated with ruxolitinib.

Classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), , polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary/secondary myelofibrosis, are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell in which an uncontrolled proliferation of terminally differentiated myeloid cells occurs. MPNs are characterized by mutations in driver genes, the JAK2V617F point mutation being the most commonly detected genetic alteration in these hematological malignancies. Thus, JAK inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy in MPNs, with ruxolitinib being the first JAK inhibitor developed, approved, and prescribed in the management of these blood cancers.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG): the adroit vaccine.

Background: The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been in use for 99 years, and is regarded as one of the oldest human vaccines known today. It is recommended primarily due to its effect in preventing the most severe forms of tuberculosis, including disseminated tuberculosis and meningeal tuberculosis in children; however, its efficacy in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis and TB reactivation in adults has been questioned. Several studies however have found that asides from its role in tuberculosis prevention, the BCG vaccine also has protective effects against a host of other viral infections in humans, an effect which has been termed: heterologous, non-specific or off-target.

Expanded Scope of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine Applicability in Disease Prophylaxis, Diagnostics, and Immunotherapeutics.

Following the discovery of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, its efficacy against was soon established, with several countries adopting universal BCG vaccination schemes for their populations. Soon, however, studies aimed to further establish the efficacy of the vaccine in different populations discovered that the vaccine has a larger effect in reducing mortality rate than could be explained by its effect on tuberculosis alone, which sparked suggestions that the BCG vaccine could have effects on other unrelated or non-mycobacterial pathogens causing diseases in humans. These effects were termed heterologous, non-specific or off-target effects and have been shown to be due to both innate and adaptive immune system responses.