Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Implications for Immunosuppressive Microenvironment.

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease characterised by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. One hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to undergo metabolic reprogramming, which allows them to sustain their rapid growth and survival. This metabolic reprogramming creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates tumour progression and evasion of the immune system.

Navigating the landscape of HPV-associated cancers: From epidemiology to prevention.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread infection associated with various cancers, including cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, and genital cancers. This infection contributes to 5 % of global cancer cases annually, affecting approximately 625,600 women and 69,400 men. Cervical cancer remains the most prevalent HPV-linked cancer among females, with the highest incidence seen in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Dysgerminoma with Syncytiotrophoblastic Giant Cells Associated with a Concurrent Ectopic Pregnancy.

Background: Dysgerminomas constitute around 1-2% of all germ cell tumours. It is very very rare to have dysgerminoma with concurrent pregnancy with an incidence of 0.2-1 per 100,000 pregnancies.

Investigating the FLiRT variants of COVID-19: Is it an emerging concern?

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to multiple waves of infections globally. As the virus continues to evolve, new variants have emerged, some with concerning changes in transmissibility and virulence. Among these variants, the "FLiRT Variants" have recently gained attention due to their potential to alter the dynamics of transmission and disease severity.

Combining Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Visible Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Predicting Soil Organic Carbon and Texture: A Danish National-Scale Study.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and visible near-infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIRS) are spectroscopic techniques that offer promising alternatives to traditional laboratory methods for the rapid and cost-effective determination of soil properties on a large scale. Despite their individual limitations, combining LIBS and vis-NIRS has been shown to enhance the prediction accuracy for the determination of soil properties compared to single-sensor approaches. In this study, we used a comprehensive Danish national-scale soil dataset encompassing mostly sandy soils collected from various land uses and soil depths to evaluate the performance of LIBS and vis-NIRS, as well as their combined spectra, in predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) and texture.

Tumor-associated macrophages: A sentinel of innate immune system in tumor microenvironment gone haywire.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical determinant in the initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes of various cancers. Comprising of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), immune cells, blood vessels, and signaling molecules, the TME is often likened to the soil supporting the seed (tumor). Among its constituents, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role, exhibiting a dual nature as both promoters and inhibitors of tumor growth.

Possible benefits, challenges, pitfalls, and future perspective of using ChatGPT in pathology.

The much-hyped artificial intelligence (AI) model called ChatGPT developed by Open AI can have great benefits for physicians, especially pathologists, by saving time so that they can use their time for more significant work. Generative AI is a special class of AI model, which uses patterns and structures learned from existing data and can create new data. Utilizing ChatGPT in Pathology offers a multitude of benefits, encompassing the summarization of patient records and its promising prospects in Digital Pathology, as well as its valuable contributions to education and research in this field.

Role of tumor budding and fibrotic cancer stroma in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive cancer with an increased frequency of lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation. Tumour budding, characterised by the presence of a single cell or a small grouping of tumour cells (a cluster containing fewer than five malignant cells) at the invasive front and composition of the fibrotic cancer stroma has been demonstrated to have a growing impact on the behaviour of the solid tumour. However exact role played by them is yet to be defined and a standardized scoring system needs to be incorporated.

Cytological features of ectopic nasal meningioma. Report of a case diagnosed using FNAC.

We describe a case of primary extracranial meningioma of the nasal cavity. FNAC showed loose clusters of epithelioid cells with splayed cytoplasm, focal whorling, and occasional psammoma bodies suggestive of meningioma. This case highlights the importance of FNAC in diagnosing meningioma when encountering similar morphology at a rare location.

Prognostic evaluation of cancer associated fibrosis and tumor budding in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the second most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although the staging system provides a standardized guidance in treatment regimens, the clinical outcome in patients with colon cancer at the same TNM stage may vary dramatically. Thus, for better predictive accuracy, further prognostic and/or predictive markers are required.

Fibroadenoma vulva: Experience based on FNA of vulvar lesion.

Vulval fibroadenoma is an extremely rare lesion, mostly seen in young adults. A 51-years-old woman presented with a painless, mobile, and pedunculated vulval mass. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed and was diagnosed as a benign fibroepithelial lesion possibly fibroadenoma vulva, which was later confirmed as fibroadenoma vulva histopathologically.

Monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic-Past and the future.

Monkeypox infection (Mpox) is caused by the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus of the Poxviridae family, closely resembling its more famous sibling smallpox. Recently World Health Organization (WHO), have renamed monkeypox as Mpox citing racial concerns, so we will be referring to monkeypox as Mpox. There has been a recent outbreak in May 2022 when Mpox cases were identified in all six WHO regions.

Pleomorphic Liposarcoma of Breast, Presenting as a Recurrent Breast Tumor.

Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma of the breast is a very rare mesenchymal tumor. Sarcoma arising in the breast constitutes <1% of all malignant breast tumors, and liposarcoma of the breast has an incidence of 0.3% of all mammary sarcomas.

Epithelioid Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterus and the Diagnostic Challenge in Diagnosing it on Small Biopsy.

Epithelioid leiomyosarcoma of the uterus is a rare soft-tissue tumor of the pelvis with <1% cases. It can be asymptomatic or can reach an enormous size, resulting in chronic pelvic pain, postmenopausal bleeding, or may cause bowel and bladder dysfunction. The diagnostic dilemma arises especially when they have epithelioid morphology.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Is it a key to an intricate lock of tumorigenesis?

The past few decades have witnessed a major leap in knowledge relating to the role of tumor microenvironment (TME) in carcinogenesis and evolving behavior of the tumor. Multiple factors within the TME modulate the cancer cells and the associated therapies. Stephen Paget first asserted that the microenvironment plays an important role in the growth of tumor metastasis.

Challenges faced in the cancer diagnosis and management-COVID-19 pandemic and beyond-Lessons for future.

The COVID-19 pandemic with multiple waves of infection has caused panic and distress globally. Cancer patients being immuno-compromised are more susceptible to infection leading to increased morbidity and unpredictability of their survival. There has been a halt in the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from cancer because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

FNAC study of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor): Clinico-radiological correlation and cytopathological features.

Background: Localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor (GCT) or giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS), is a benign nodular lesion that arises from the synovium of the tendon sheath of the hands and foot. GCTTS is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells and proliferation of synovial-like mononuclear cells. A clinical diagnosis of GCTTS is kept as a differential when a firm, nodular mass shows decreased signal intensity on both T1-and T2-weighted MR imaging.

Beyond COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, cardiovascular outcomes of "long covid" from a pathological perspective - a look back and road ahead.

With the decrease in severity of COVID-19 there is a sense of relief in the general population. However, there has been an increased incidence of cardiovascular and other organ complications post-infection, which have raised concerns about long COVID. The term "long COVID" was first used by Perego on social media to denote the persistence of symptoms weeks or months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and the term 'long haulers' was first described by Watson and by Yong to identify post-COVID conditions.

Application of the international system for reporting serous fluid cytopathology on reporting various body fluids; experience of a tertiary care hospital.

Objectives: Cytological examination of effusion sample is a preliminary and minimally invasive method for the diagnosis of body fluids. Recently, the International System For Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC) and the Indian Academy of Cytologist (IAC) have published guidelines for reporting effusion cytology and calculating the risks of malignancy (ROMs) for each defined category. We report our 2 years of experience in reclassifying and assessing the feasibility of applying ISRFSC and IAC categories to effusion fluid and to provide an estimate of the risk of malignancy for each diagnostic category.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of periarticular nodule - Atypical presentation of gouty tophi: A report of two cases.

Gout is a chronic arthropathy caused due to the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. Gouty tophus can be the initial presenting feature of gout with or without any clinical symptoms. Demonstration of urate crystals in synovial fluid or biopsy helps in confirming the diagnosis of gout.

Cytology as a rapid tool in diagnosing tuberculosis of the parotid gland: A case series with a review of the literature.

Tubercular infection of the parotid gland often confuses clinicians, it being a rare entity even in an endemic area. Its similarity in presentation with that of parotid neoplasms, nonspecific symptoms, low incidence and non-contributory radiological findings often leads to its misdiagnosis as parotid neoplasm, which in the due course results in parotidectomy. Therefore, FNAC of parotid swelling is helpful to avoid unnecessary surgery and patient discomfort.

Myocardial bridging - Sudden unexpected death of a young girl: A case report.

Myocardial bridging (MB) is a relatively uncommon congenital anomaly where a segment of the coronary artery dips inside the myocardium and takes a tunneled course under a bridge of the myocardium. This leads to the compression of the coronary artery during systole resulting in hemodynamic changes and their clinical manifestations. However, it is an incidental finding but can present with multiple complications like myocardial ischemia, infarction, and sudden death, primarily when associated with other risk factors like left ventricular hypertrophy of the heart.

Tele-health and cancer care in the era of COVID-19: New opportunities in low and middle income countries (LMICs).

In the current era of COVID-19 pandemic where at least some degree of social distancing is the norm and hospitals have emerged as hotspots for acquiring the infection, it has become important for oncologists to devise methods of providing care to cancer patients while minimizing patients' exposure to healthcare settings. In light of the on-going pandemic, it has been recommended that in-patient visits for cancer patients should be substituted by virtual visits and patients should be advised to proceed directly for infusion treatment. Telemedicine and tele-health based interventions have emerged as reasonably practical solutions to these impediments in the delivery of care to cancer patients.

Identification of type 1 diabetes-associated DNA methylation variable positions that precede disease diagnosis.

Monozygotic (MZ) twin pair discordance for childhood-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is ∼50%, implicating roles for genetic and non-genetic factors in the aetiology of this complex autoimmune disease. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the genetics of T1D in recent years, the non-genetic component has remained poorly defined. We hypothesized that epigenetic variation could underlie some of the non-genetic component of T1D aetiology and, thus, performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) for this disease.