#sleepingbaby on Instagram: Nonadherence of images to safe sleeping advice and implications for prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy.

Objectives: Safe sleep of infants is important to reduce the risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI). The depiction of infant care behavior which is inconsistent with the safe sleep recommendations on social media has an impact on parental infant care thoughts, norms and behaviors. This study aims to determine the adherence of Instagram images to the Dutch safe sleeping advice.

[Infants with an unexplained event: management of brief resolved unexplained events revised].

In this article, the new Dutch pediatric guideline Brief Resolved Unexplained Event is discussed, which replaces the old guideline Apparent Life Threatening Event. The main goal of the new guideline is identification of a group of low-risk infants who need not be admitted to the hospital and in which only limited diagnostic workup is indicated. Three fictional cases are presented to highlight the major changes in management of infants who present with an unexplained event.

Renewed Attention Needed for Prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy in the Netherlands.

The incidence of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), which includes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), has declined in developed countries since the 1980s, including the Netherlands. To identify improvement opportunities in SUDI prevention, we monitored the adherence of parents to the prevention advice on infant care habits over the past 20 years, especially in relation to the SUDI incidence over time. Potential changes in parental adherence between the latest surveys are of specific interest, as these indicate where current focus is needed.

Risk and Preventive Factors for SUDI: Need We Adjust the Current Prevention Advice in a Low-Incidence Country.

The incidence of Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI) is low in the Netherlands, with an incidence rate of 0.18 per 1,000 live births. Therefore, prevention advice may receive less attention, potentially leading to increasing incidence rates.

[Eleventh Safe Sleeping Survey in the Netherlands: parents' habits concerning infant sleep position and location].

Objective: To investigate to what extent parents of infants are following national safe sleep advice given for the prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and to study the reasons for not adhering to recommendations on sleep position (always on the back) and location (parents and infant not sleeping in the same bed).

Design: Quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study.

Method: Online survey among parents of 0-11 month old children via well-baby clinics and online media.

[Anorectal pain in children: rare or rarely recognised?].

Anorectal pain is a common symptom, often as part of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Children seldom present with this complaint. Proctalgia fugax and chronic proctalgia are both anorectal pain syndromes but differ in duration and frequency of episodes and in pain characteristics.

International comparison of sudden unexpected death in infancy rates using a newly proposed set of cause-of-death codes.

Background: Comparing rates of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) in different countries and over time is difficult, as these deaths are certified differently in different countries, and, even within the same jurisdiction, changes in this death certification process have occurred over time.

Aims: To identify if International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) codes are being applied differently in different countries, and to develop a more robust tool for international comparison of these types of deaths.

Methods: Usage of six ICD-10 codes, which code for the majority of SUDI, was compared for the years 2002-2010 in eight high-income countries.

The excessively crying infant: etiology and treatment.

Excessive crying, often described as infantile colic, is the cause of 10% to 20% of all early pediatrician visits of infants aged 2 weeks to 3 months. Although usually benign and self-limiting, excessive crying is associated with parental exhaustion and stress. However, an underlying organic cause is found in less than 5% of these infants.

PHOX2B polyalanine repeat length is associated with sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant death in the Dutch population.

Unclassified sudden infant death (USID) is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant that remains unexplained after thorough case investigation including performance of a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and the clinical history. When the infant is below 1 year of age and with onset of the fatal episode apparently occurring during sleep, this is referred to as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). USID and SIDS remain poorly understood despite the identification of several environmental and some genetic risk factors.

[Additional recommendations for safe sleep to prevent SIDS].

Great progress has been made in reducing the incidence of SIDS in the Netherlands, but the number of SIDS cases has remained constant in recent years. The American Academy of Pediatrics has new guidelines for safe sleep. Existing recommendations remain valid such as (a) discouraging prone- and side-sleeping; (b) encouraging parent and child to sleep in one room but not in one bed; and (c) avoiding second-hand smoke.

Postnatal parental smoking: an important risk factor for SIDS.

Background: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected death of an infant that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation of the circumstances, family history, paediatric investigation and complete autopsy. In Western society, it is the leading cause of post-neonatal death below 1 year of age. In the Netherlands, the SIDS incidence is very low, which offers opportunities to assess the importance of old and new environmental risk factors.

[Multidisciplinary guidelines for 'Apparent life threatening event' (ALTE)].

In order to reach a consensus concerning diagnosis, support and follow-up in children with an 'apparent life threatening event' (ALTE) multidisciplinary guidelines have been developed by the Dutch Paediatric Association and the Dutch Institute for Healthcare Improvement (CBO). All children presenting as an emergency with ALTE should undergo inpatient clinical observation for 24-72 h, with at least 24 h of cardio-respiratory monitoring. Observation does not need to be continued once an explanation for the incident has been established.

Surveillance study of apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) in the Netherlands.

SIDS and ALTE are different entities that somehow show some similarities. Both constitute heterogeneous conditions. The Netherlands is a low-incidence country for SIDS.

Health care interventions for excessive crying in infants: regularity with and without swaddling.

This article describes two health care interventions developed to support parents whose infant cries excessively. Intervention 1 consists of advice to caregivers to bring about regularity and uniformity in daily infant care and to reduce external stimuli. Intervention 2 is the same advice accompanied by instructions to swaddle during sleep.

Referral patterns between the child health service, general practitioners, and secondary healthcare: a prospective descriptive study in the Netherlands.

Background: In the Netherlands, preventive child health service (CHS) screening plays an important role in the early detection of congenital, developmental, physical, and mental disorders.

Objective: To obtain insight into the referral patterns of children from CHS to general practitioners and from general practitioners to medical specialists.

Methods: Prospective study over 6 months in a semi-urban area in the Netherlands.

Swaddling: a systematic review.

Swaddling was an almost universal child-care practice before the 18th century. It is still tradition in certain parts of the Middle East and is gaining popularity in the United Kingdom, the United States, and The Netherlands to curb excessive crying. We have systematically reviewed all articles on swaddling to evaluate its possible benefits and disadvantages.

Bed-sharing in the first four months of life: a risk factor for sudden infant death.

Aim: To investigate the risk of sudden infant death in the Netherlands during bed-sharing in the first half year of life and the protective effect of breastfeeding on it.

Methods: During a 10-year period between September 1996 and September 2006 nationwide, 213 cot deaths were investigated.

Results And Discussion: Of 138 cot deaths of less than 6 months of age, 36 (26%) bed-shared.