Comparison of Incremental Costs and Medicare Reimbursement for Simple vs Complex Cataract Surgery Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing.

Importance: Cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgeries across medicine and an integral part of ophthalmologic care. Complex cataract surgery requires more time and resources than simple cataract surgery, yet it remains unclear whether the incremental reimbursement for complex cataract surgery, compared with simple cataract surgery, offsets the increased costs.

Objective: To measure the difference in day-of-surgery costs and net earnings between simple and complex cataract surgery.

Analysis of Cataract Surgery Instrument Identification Performance of Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Network Ensembles Leveraging BigCat.

Purpose: To develop a method for accurate automated real-time identification of instruments in cataract surgery videos.

Methods: Cataract surgery videos were collected at University of Michigan's Kellogg Eye Center between 2020 and 2021. Videos were annotated for the presence of instruments to aid in the development, validation, and testing of machine learning (ML) models for multiclass, multilabel instrument identification.

Chromatin remodeler regulates subplate neuron identity and wiring of cortical connectivity.

Loss-of-function mutations in chromatin remodeler gene are a cause of Coffin-Siris syndrome, a developmental disorder characterized by dysgenesis of corpus callosum. Here, we characterize function during cortical development and find unexpectedly selective roles for in subplate neurons (SPNs). SPNs, strategically positioned at the interface of cortical gray and white matter, orchestrate multiple developmental processes indispensable for neural circuit wiring.

Symmetric neural progenitor divisions require chromatin-mediated homologous recombination DNA repair by Ino80.

Chromatin regulates spatiotemporal gene expression during neurodevelopment, but it also mediates DNA damage repair essential to proliferating neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Here, we uncover molecularly dissociable roles for nucleosome remodeler Ino80 in chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation and genome maintenance in corticogenesis. We find that conditional Ino80 deletion from cortical NPCs impairs DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, triggering p53-dependent apoptosis and microcephaly.

Robust elimination of genome-damaged cells safeguards against brain somatic aneuploidy following Knl1 deletion.

The brain is a genomic mosaic shaped by cellular responses to genome damage. Here, we manipulate somatic genome stability by conditional Knl1 deletion from embryonic mouse brain. KNL1 mutations cause microcephaly and KNL1 mediates the spindle assembly checkpoint, a safeguard against chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy.

Brain Transcriptome Databases: A User's Guide.

Transcriptional programs instruct the generation and maintenance of diverse subtypes of neural cells, establishment of distinct brain regions, formation and function of neural circuits, and ultimately behavior. Spatiotemporal and cell type-specific analyses of the transcriptome, the sum total of all RNA transcripts in a cell or an organ, can provide insights into the role of genes in brain development and function, and their potential contribution to disorders of the brain. In the previous decade, advances in sequencing technology and funding from the National Institutes of Health and private foundations for large-scale genomics projects have led to a growing collection of brain transcriptome databases.