A comparative study of stain removal with two electric toothbrushes and a manual brush.

Recent studies have suggested that a sonic electric toothbrush is more effective than a manual brush at removing extrinsic dental stain. There have been few studies of the comparative stain removal properties of different electric brushes. The study reported here was conducted to compare the efficacy of the sonic toothbrush (Sonicare) with an oscillating/rotating brush (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover) and a conventional manual brush (Crest Complete).

Subpopulations of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, dermal lesions and lymph nodes of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients.

Distribution of different subpopulations of T cells in the dermal lesions, lymph nodes and peripheral blood of post kala-azar dermal lesihmaniasis (PKADL) patients was studied by using appropriate phenotypic markers for CD2+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Histopathological studies of skin lesions showed marginal to massive infiltration of mononuclear cells depending upon the duration of illness and type of lesions. Thus, while the hypopigmented patches were represented by small focal collections of lymphocytes with scanty parasites in the dermis, these were replaced at the nodular stage with massive granulomas consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes with numerous amastigotes.

Fulminating strongyloidiasis complicating Indian kala-azar.

Infection with Strongyloides stercoralis in an immunocompetent host usually remains unrecognized. Sometimes, however, it may cause serious problems in the immunocompromised host due to its enhanced invasiveness. We present here details of three kala-azar patients with fulminating strongyloidiasis manifested by acute diarrhoea with blood and mucus, severe dehydration, cough and dyspnoea with low peripheral blood eosinophils and filariform larvae of S.

Efficacy of mouthrinses in inhibiting the development of supragingival plaque over a 4-day period of no oral hygiene.

This study was a first stage evaluation of the plaque inhibitory properties of an experimental cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)/essential oil mouthrinse. The study was a formulation, not ingredient, evaluation and comparisons were made with established mouthrinse products. The 5 rinses tested were: the experimental formulation; a triclosan/copolymer prebrushing mouthrinse; two negative control rinses, which differed only in color; and as a positive control, a 0.

A study of a pre-brushing mouthrinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene.

A previous clinical screening study demonstrated that a cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) essential oil mouthrinse inhibited plaque regrowth to a significantly greater extent than a negative control or a triclosan/copolymer rinse when used without toothbrushing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the same ingredient combination as a pre-brushing rinse over a 6-week period. The study employed a 4 group parallel design with a minimum of 50 subjects per group.

A comparison of cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan and chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations for effects on plaque regrowth.

A relatively small number of agents are used in mouthrinse products, although the possible variability in the final formulations is enormous. The aim of this study was to compare equal concentrations of 3 antimicrobial agents, in simple formulations, for plaque inhibition. This 4-day plaque regrowth study was a 5-cell, randomised, double blind cross-over design, involving 20 healthy human volunteers.

The antibacterial and anti-staining properties of the novel anti-adherent agent M239, 144 alone and in combination with chlorhexidine.

The anti-adherent agent M239,144 has been shown to reduce the adhesion of S. sanguis strains to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite by 27-94%. The purpose of this study was to determine any antibacterial properties of M239,144 which might inhibit replication of the organisms which do adhere and to determine whether M239,144 interferes with the antibacterial properties of the antiseptic agent chlorhexidine.

The magnitude and duration of the effects of some mouthrinse products on salivary bacterial counts.

The persistence of action or substantivity of an antimicrobial agent in the mouth relates to the plaque inhibitory action of that compound. Substantivity can be assessed by measuring the magnitude and duration of the fall in salivary bacteria following single rinses with antimicrobials. This was a randomised single-blind, cross-over study measuring the effects of single 60-s rinses of 5 mouthwash products on salivary bacterial counts in 14 healthy human volunteers.

Mouthrinses.

Mouthrinses have been used for centuries for medicinal and cosmetic purposes, but it is only in recent years that the rationale behind the use of the ingredients has been subject to scientific research and clinical trials. Although Listerine held its position for many years in the vanguard of the anti-plaque agents, the advent of mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine was a major breakthrough in the research for a chemical means to prevent disease. Since that time, and especially in the past ten years, the number of formulations that claim to have anti-plaque, anti-calculus, and anti-caries activity has increased, and much emphasis has been placed on such substances as an adjunct to, or indeed to replace, conventional toothbrushing techniques.

An 8-year study of changes in oral hygiene and periodontal health during adolescence.

This study reports data collected from a cohort of 405 South Wales adolescents examined at the ages of 11-12, 15-16 and 19-20 years. Dental plaque and gingivitis scores decreased markedly between the ages of 11-12 and 15-16 years, and to a lesser extent between 15-16 and 19-20 years. There was a decrease in the mean depth of the gingival sulcus between the ages of 11-12 and 15-16 years, perhaps reflecting a decrease in false pocketing and gingival oedema associated with puberty and tooth eruption.

Control of supragingival calculus. Scaling and polishing and anticalculus toothpastes: an opinion.

The removal of supragingival calculus by scaling and polishing of the teeth is only one aspect of a dental prophylaxis. However in many countries, a large number of individuals only require and receive, at regular intervals, a supragingival scale and polish. The association of supragingival calculus to gingival and periodontal disease is unclear, however, it is logical to assume a plaque retention role.

Comparison of 2 chlorhexidine mouthwashes on plaque regrowth in vivo and dietary staining in vitro.

Until recently, the few available chlorhexidine mouthrinse products have been 0.2% formulations. However, concentrations of 0.

Dose response of chlorhexidine against plaque and comparison with triclosan.

The optimum dose of chlorhexidine delivered by mouthrinse, which balances efficacy against local side-effects, is generally considered to be in the region of 20 mg 2 x daily. Unfortunately, there have been few dose-response studies for chlorhexidine mouthrinses and for these, only limited details are published. The aims of this study were to determine the dose response of chlorhexidine to plaque inhibition and position a 0.

Dentine hypersensitivity: a clinical trial to compare 2 strontium densensitizing toothpastes with a conventional fluoride toothpaste.

A considerable number of varied agents are apparently effective in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. In particular, the literature supports the efficacy of fluoride and strontium containing formulations. Despite this, comparisons between strontium products are relatively few in number and surprisingly there are almost no evaluations of these products against "bench mark," conventional commercial fluoride toothpastes.

In vitro screening for the anti-anaphylactic agent in Thonningia sanguinea.

Thonningia sanguinea, used prophylactically against bronchial asthma, is anti-anaphylactic and anti-asthmatic in guinea pigs when given orally. The aqueous extract of the plant and its fractions were screened in vitro for their effects on anaphylactic- and histamine-induced contractions, and the results compared with those obtained in vivo when the whole extract was administered orally. The comparison showed similar anti-anaphylactic properties of the plant material in the two systems of administration, but the effects on histamine-induced contractions differed from the in vivo ones, suggesting that the anaphylactic assay system should be preferred for the screening in vitro.

Etiology, mechanisms, and management of dentine hypersensitivity.

Dentine hypersensitivity is a common painful condition of the teeth for which little is known of the etiology and predisposing factors. This tends to compromise management, and recurrence of the condition is frequent. Abrasive and erosive factors, by their effects on enamel and gingiva, are important in localizing sites of exposed dentine.

Aetiological, predisposing and environmental factors in dentine hypersensitivity.

If the hydrodynamic theory of stimulus transmission across dentine is valid, sensitive dentine has tubules open at the surface and patent to the pulp. Direct and indirect evidence supports this supposition. Factors that result in dentine exposure remove the covering enamel or periodontal tissues (gingival recession).

A dose-response study of triclosan mouthrinses on plaque regrowth.

Triclosan is used in toothpastes and mouthrinses as a plaque inhibitory agent. The concentrations used and therefore the dose of triclosan varies between products and there is, as with most plaque inhibitory agents, little information on the dose response of this agent. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the plaque inhibitory properties of triclosan in a simple mouthrinse formulation over a range of concentrations and therefore doses.

Does gingivitis lead to periodontitis in young adults?

It has been assumed that poor oral hygiene predisposes to gingivitis with progression to periodontitis and tooth loss. However, a high prevalence of gingivitis occurs in some populations in which severe periodontitis is rare. To assess whether gingivitis is a reliable predictor of periodontitis, we compared the periodontal health of tea pickers and university students aged between 18 and 30 in Indonesia.

An activator of calcium-dependent potassium channels isolated from a medicinal herb.

Large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (maxi-K) channels play an important role in regulating the tone of airway smooth muscle and the release of bronchoconstrictive substances from nerves in the lung. Crude extracts of Desmodium adscendens, a medicinal herb used in Ghana as a treatment for asthma, inhibit binding of monoiodotyrosine charybdotoxin (125I-ChTX) to receptor sites in bovine tracheal smooth muscle membranes that have been shown to be associated with maxi-K channels. Using this assay, three active components have been purified and identified by NMR and MS.

The plaque removal effects of single rinsings and brushings.

Chemical plaque removal is one mechanism whereby an agent could improve oral hygiene and gingival health. As with toothpastes most agents, when delivered as rinses, would be considered adjunctive to mechanical tooth cleaning procedures. The aim of this study was to determine whether selected commercial rinses exhibited clinically significant plaque removal properties alone or when combined with toothbrushing with water or a toothpaste.

A 6-month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste (II). Effects on the oral microflora.

The effects of 1% chlorhexidine and 1% chlorhexidine/fluoride dentifrices on supragingival plaque flora were investigated in a 6-month home-usage study. 146 subjects were studied from whom plaque around 6 teeth was collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Total anaerobic counts were reduced at 6 and 24 weeks in both active groups compared to control.

A 6-month home usage trial of a 1% chlorhexidine toothpaste (1). Effects on plaque, gingivitis, calculus and toothstaining.

Research and development has been aimed towards the development of toothpastes for oral hygiene and gingival health benefits. The most effective antiplaque agent to date, chlorhexidine, is difficult to formulate into active toothpaste products. Despite some encouraging findings for experimental chlorhexidine toothpastes, there are to date no commercially available products.