Extreme neck elongation evolved despite strong developmental constraints in bizarre Triassic reptiles-implications for neck modularity in archosaurs.

The Triassic radiation of vertebrates saw the emergence of the modern vertebrate groups, as well as numerous extinct animals exhibiting conspicuous, unique anatomical characteristics. Among these, members of Tanystropheidae (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) displayed cervical vertebral elongation to an extent unparalleled in any other vertebrate. Tanystropheids were exceptionally ecologically diverse and had a wide spatial and temporal distribution.

Different Types of Vasculitis Complicated by Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia-Analysis of Four Cases and Literature Review.

Vasculitis and HIT have different etiologies, although both involve autoimmune mechanisms. Treatment of vasculitis often requires the use of an anticoagulant such as heparin, which can lead to the development of HIT and subsequent life-threatening complications. The analysis covered patients hospitalized in the Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis in the period from September 2020 to March 2023.

Heart Metastases of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common genitourinary cancer. Of the several histologic types of RCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most frequent. Due to the development of imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the incidence of ccRCC diagnosis has increased rapidly.

The Factors Contributing to Efficiency in Surgical Management of Purulent Infections of Deep Neck Spaces.

Deep neck infections (DNIs) are still emergency conditions in otorhinolaryngology. Due to rapid disease progression and life-threatening complications, the accurate surgical and medical treatment must be promptly applied. In the present study, we analyzed treatment protocols of 46 adults to assess efficacy of the treatment and search for prognostic factors of the outcomes.