Addressing psychiatric care in conflict zones: recommendations for the Arab region.

The Arab world has struggled with conflict and political turmoil for several decades, rendering its already underdeveloped mental healthcare system unable to serve the psychiatric needs of victims of violence and trauma, with consequences that extend far beyond the cessation of hostilities. This role has become incumbent on international relief agencies, which have expanded mental health programmes in countries of conflict and refuge. Although their intervention has overall been positive, their mission is usually short term, leaving countries unable to maintain these advantages when the funding ends.

Derivation of a System-Independent for P-glycoprotein Mediated Digoxin Transport from System-Dependent IC Data.

It has been previously demonstrated that IC values for inhibition of digoxin transport across confluent polarized cell monolayers are system-dependent. Digoxin IC data from five laboratories participating in the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) IC Initiative, using Caco-2, MDCKII-hMDR1 or LLC-PK1-hMDR1 cells, were fitted by the structural mass action kinetic model for P-gp-mediated transport across confluent cell monolayers. We determined their efflux-active P-gp concentration [T(0)], inhibitor elementary dissociation rate constant from P-gp (), digoxin basolateral uptake clearance (), and inhibitor binding affinity to the digoxin basolateral uptake transporter ().