Monitoring mesenchymal stromal cell developmental stage to apply on-time mechanical stimulation for ligament tissue engineering.

To evaluate the appropriate time frame for applying mechanical stimuli to induce mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) differentiation for ligament tissue engineering, developmental cell phenotypes were monitored during a period of in vitro culture. MSCs were seeded onto surface-modified silk fibroin fiber matrices and cultured in Petri dishes for 15 days. Cell metabolic activity, morphology, and gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen type I and III and fibronectin), ECM receptors (integrins alpha-2, alpha-5, and beta-1), and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70) were monitored during the culture of MSC.

Mechanisms of silk fibroin sol-gel transitions.

Silk fibroin sol-gel transitions were studied by monitoring the process under various physicochemical conditions with optical spectroscopy at 550 nm. The secondary structural change of the fibroin from a disordered state in solution to a beta-sheet-rich conformation in the gel state was assessed by FTIR and CD over a range of fibroin concentrations, temperatures, and pH values. The structural changes were correlated to the degree of gelation based on changes in optical density at 550 nm.

Yarn design for functional tissue engineering.

Tissue engineering requires the ability to design scaffolds with mechanical properties similar to those of the native tissue. Here, B. mori silk yarns are used as a model system to demonstrate the potential benefits and drawbacks of several textile methods used to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds.

In vitro degradation of silk fibroin.

A significant need exists for long-term degradable biomaterials which can slowly and predictably transfer a load-bearing burden to developing biological tissue. In this study Bombyx mori silk fibroin yarns were incubated in 1mg/ml Protease XIV at 37 degrees C to create an in vitro model system of proteolytic degradation. Samples were harvested at designated time points up to 12 weeks and (1) prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), (2) lyophilized and weighed, (3) mechanical properties determined using a servohydraulic Instron 8511, (4) dissolved and run on a SDS-PAGE gel, and (5) characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.